The Kabardians
by
Amjad Jaimoukha
Capsule
Summary
Location:
Central North Caucasus, mainly in the Kabardino-Balkarian and Karachay-Cherkess republics of the
Russian Federation.
Total population:
Approximately 1 million.
Religion: Native religion and beliefs (98%), Orthodox Christianity (2%).
Essay:
Ethnically, the Kabardians form one of the main tribal divisions of the Circassians.
Presently, they occupy the middle and northern regions of the
Kabardino-Balkarian
Republic
(12,500 sq. km; ~
1 million) making 55.3% of the population (according to 2002 Russian population
census; but estimated now to make up almost 60% of the population of the
Republic), form the majority of the Cherkess population of 100,000 in the
Karachai-Cherkess Republic (14,100 sq. km;
~ 450,000), and are found
in a few villages in Adigea and the Krasnodar and Stavropol krais. A significant
Christian community is found in the area of the town of
Mozdok
in North
Ossetia.
There are about 750,000 Kabardians in the
Caucasus,
forming almost three-quarters of the Circassian population and almost 0.5%
of total population in
Russia. There are Kabardian diaspora communities scattered in the
Middle East, especially in
Turkey,
Syria, and
Jordan, with a total number estimated at 300,000. This diaspora formed mainly as
a result of the Russian-Circassian War of the 19th century.
Linguistically, Kabardian, together with the closely related Beslanay, forms
the eastern branch of Circassian. It has the status of an official and literary
language in both Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachai-Cherkessia. Cyrillic orthography
is used, although Arabic and later Latin adaptations had been used until
1923 and 1937, respectively. Kabardian in Kabardino-Balkaria is divided into
four sub-dialects named after the main rivers in the republic: Balhq (Malka),
Bax’sen (Bakhsan), Terch (Terek), and Shejem (Chegem). Some authorities divide
the language into Greater and Lesser Kabardian, the dialects spoken in Kabarda
to the west and east of the Terch (Terek), respectively. Lesser Kabardian
is also informally called Jilax’steney. Outside the nominal republic there
are two more dialects, one spoken by the Christian community in Mozdok in
North Ossetia, and Kuban Kabardian in Adigea, spoken in a few villages. The status of
Kabardian has been slowly improving since the collapse of the
Soviet Union
. It is not thought that the language is under threat of extinction.
History
The earliest recorded instance of Kabardian differentiation from the rest
of the Circassian nation was in The Book of Administration of the Empire, written in the 10th century by Emperor Constantine VII, Porphyrogenitus
(905-959), according to which the Zikhis, or
Western Circassians
, occupied the eastern
Black Sea
littoral and the Kasakhs (Kassogs), modern-day Kabardians, lived in the
hinterland. To the east of the Kasakhs lived the Alans, ancestors of the
Ossetes.
In the 11th century, the Russians under Mtislav took part in routing the
Khazar army in the
Crimea. They
then crossed the
Taman
Strait
and defeated the Kassogs, or Kabardians, under their legendary leader Idar.
Mtislav then subjugated the Iron, or Ossetes. He founded a small principality,
Tamtarkan, or Tmoutarkan, under the suzerainty of
Russia, with the Kabardians and Ossetes as subjects. This state lasted for a few
centuries, but with diminishing influence in Kabarda.
During this period some Circassian tribes abandoned their mountainous abodes
and resettled in the plains around the
Sea of Azov, and in the
Crimea. The
majority of migrants hailed from Kabarda, who settled among the Tatars between
the rivers Katch and Belbek. To this day, the area of the upper reaches of
the Belbek is called ‘Kabarda’, and the land between the two rivers ‘Tcherkess-Tuss’,
‘Plain of the Circassians’ in Tatar.
The Kabardians had to suffer Georgian rule until 1424. In the early 13th century,
the Kabardians left their original homeland in the
Kuban region
and, after wandering for some time, headed towards the
Crimean
Peninsula
and occupied it in 1237 AD. At the end of the 14th and beginning of the
15th century, the Crimean Kabardians were ruled by Abdun-Khan. They resettled
in the middle of the
North Caucasus
between the rivers Psif in the east and Nefil in the west. This move was
only possible after the demise of the Golden Horde, when a power vacuum was
created by the defeat of Tokhtamish.
The establishment of Little Kabarda goes back to the middle of the 16th century,
when a Kabardian prince, who wanted a large principality to rule, crossed
the Terch (Terek), accompanied by his share of subjects, and established
a principality to the east of Kabarda proper, or Greater Kabarda.
The Kabardians established a strong state in the 16th and 17th centuries.
They built the town of
Chantchir, which became the centre of their country. At the time, Kabarda had an area
exceeding 40,000 sq km. It extended from the
Kuban (Psizch)
in the west to river Sunzha in the east, and from the plains north of Pyatigorsk
and river Terch (Terek) in the north to
Georgia
in the south. An earlier instance of Circassian re-establishment in the
middle plains of the
Northern Caucasus
was recorded as far back as 1250 AD.
Prince Inal Teghen (Tighwen), one of the descendants of Abdun-Khan, assumed
the reins of power in Kabarda in the 15th century. He was brave, prudent and
generous. During his reign many people submitted to his rule and chose to
become part of his state. He managed to unite the Circassians and Abkhazians
into one empire, which he ruled for a long time. In 1509, he invaded Imeretia
and subsequently routed an army of Western
Georgians. It is most probable that
Tzandia Inal Daphita, desecrated in the Georgian Chronicles, was this self-same
prince. However, after his demise Kabarda was riven into several rival principalities
by his several sons. Civil war ensued in which the Kiakh (Ch’axe=Western Circassians) were instrumental
in installing Prince Idar as sole potentate. It was during this chaotic period
that Prince Qanoqwe son of Beslan left Kabarda to establish the Beslanay
tribe.
Peace and stability prevailed for long years, allowing the Circassians to
go on with their lives. As had become the usual scheme of things, a fresh
wave of invaders broke on Circassian shores. A combined force of the Turghwt
(ancestors of the
Kalmyk) and
Tatars of Tarki engaged the Kabardians at the confluence of the Balhq (Malka)
and Terch (Terek). The first encounter went the way of the former party,
the Circassians retreating to the
Psigwensu
River
(in Kabarda).
The Turghwt overwhelmed the entrenched Circassians, who were forced to take
refuge in the mountains. At the third meeting, the Circassian forces were
on the verge of total rout when a contingent of 2,000 warriors came to the
rescue, turning the tide of the battle. The Turghwt were driven out and all
Circassian lands were restored. The battle scene was named ‘Qereqeschqetaw’,
which means ‘fleeing to the mountains’ in Tatar.
The feudal princes of Kabarda dominated the
North Caucasus
up to the start of the 18th century. By the end of the
Middle Ages, Kabarda had become a formidable state. It spread its
hegemony over the whole of central
North Caucasus
, reducing the Ossetes and various Turkic peoples, remnants of the Kipchaks,
to vassalage. At times its power extended to the shores of the Caspian. Alliances
were struck with the Shamkhals of Daghestan. These achievements would have
supposed some degree of co-ordination and co-operation between the
plethora of princes, the occasional civil strife notwithstanding.
The main princely dynasties were Yidar (Idar), Qazi, Telhusten, Zhilax’sten,
Mudar, Zhambolet.
At its zenith, Kabarda was so dominant that all powers with vested interests
in the area, namely Moscovy and the
Ottoman
Port, sought to court and bestow honours upon its princes in order to further
their interests. This culminated in the betrothal of Tsar Ivan IV (1530-1584),
nicknamed the Terrible, to Prince Temriuk Idarov’s (Yidar Teimriqwe) daughter,
Gwascheney (Gwaschene, in some sources; later baptized Princess Maria), in
1561 AD. This marriage of alliance served to cement the so-called ‘Union’ between
Russia
and Kabarda. In Soviet times, a bronze statue of Princess Maria was erected
in the centre of
Nalchik
to mark the event. In this period, the Cherkasskys, Kabardian princes in
the Russian court, as an aristocratic family formed whose descendants played
a significant role in the Russian military and politics.
The date of the fictitious unification is reckoned by Russians to have occurred
in 1557. However, as will be explained later, the authority of Temriuk over
the other Kabardian princes was very tenuous and many of these declined to
‘ratify’ the alliance, which was at best symbolic. In 1705 (or 1708), the
Tatar Khan, Qaplan-Gery, at the head of 100,000 men, marched against the
Circassians of the
Five
Mountains. The Adiga, sensing the inferiority of their forces, decided to invoke ruse.
They retreated into the mountains and built stone fortifications across the
forbidding passes. Remains of these ramparts, called the ‘Walls of the
Crimea’,
can still be seen in Qenzhalischhe, in the environs of Pyatigorsk. In the
absence of any resistance, the Tatars went into a rampage. The Circassians
sent deputies to offer their submission to the Khan, who imposed stiff conditions.
He demanded, among other things, 4,000 maids and boys as hostages. The Adiga
pretended to accept the terms and sent provisions, including intoxicating
liquors. The Tatars revelled in their ‘victory’. One night, while they were
in deep slumber induced by the strong drink, the Circassians rolled heavy
stones on the tents below, and fell on the Khan’s camp, massacring a great
number of his men and putting the rest to flight. The Khan lost a brother
and son. Thenceforth, the Kabardians were rid of the Tatars forever.
In 1736, a war broke out between
Russia and the
Ottoman Empire
due to the latter’s intervention in Kabarda. In the Treaty of Belgrade of
18 September
1739, the independence of Kabarda was
formally guaranteed. The first military outpost of the Caucasian Military
Line, Mozdok (Mezdegw=Deaf-Forest), was established in Kabarda in 1763 on
the left bank of the Terch (Terek) at a distance of 250 km west of Kizliar.² After this development, the Kabardians entered
into negotiations with the Turks. In the summer of 1771, the Kabardian princes
expressed their dissatisfaction with the policy of the imperial administration
in the Caucasus
and the construction of the military line between Mozdok and Kizliar. This
hastened the first open battle between the Kabardians and Russians, which
took place near the Balhq (Malka) River on
29 September 1771. The Russians under
General Jacoby won the day.
In 1779 Empress Catherine instructed the Governor General of
Astrakhan, Prince Potemkin,
to pacify Kabarda by fair means or foul. General Jacoby was given his marching
orders. He conducted an offensive in Kabarda, which lasted all summer. After
the arrival of fresh enforcements from
Russia, the expedition
succeeded in penetrating deep into Kabardian lands. At the end of September
1779, a fierce battle was fought in which the Kabardian force, taken unawares,
was massacred. About fifty princes and more than 350 noblemen were killed,
a huge toll by the reckoning of those days. Dubbed ‘Qeberdey Zheschteiwe’
(‘Kabardian Night Assault’), the battle marked one of the bleakest days in
Kabardian history.
By December, the Kabardian princes were defeated and the northern frontier
of Kabarda retracted to the rivers Balhq (Malka) and Terch (Terek).
In 1810, the Russians conducted a campaign in which many Circassians were
killed and about 200 villages burnt. The Kabardians sent a delegation to
St. Petersburg
to petition for peace and to request that the rights and privileges granted
by Empress Catherine II in the early 1790s be restored. Tsar Alexander I
concurred with these demands. Some Kabardians, today’s Cherkess, dubbed ‘
Hejeret’ – immigrant or fugitive Circassians – refused to accept Russian
hegemony, and moved west to the land between the upper
Kuban (Psizch) and Zelenchuk (Yinzhij)
rivers. The war in Kabarda was localized and badly organized. The Circassian
princes failed to present a united front, the Russians taking advantage of
principal rivalries. When General Yarmolov (Ermolov), military commander
of the southern Tsarist forces, arrived on the scene in 1816, Kabarda was
on her knees. Four decades of open conflict had demoralized the people and
left the land in ruins. The Kabardians suffered heavy losses. By 1818, their
number had fallen from 350,000 before the war to a mere 50,000.
In 1821, Yarmolov demanded that the Kabardians living in mountainous areas
move to the plains to facilitate their control. The mountaineers refused to
obey, causing the General to move against them in 1822. He laid the foundations
for several forts and imposed harsh punishments on the population. The Caucasian
Military Line was pushed further into Kabardian territory and many massacres
were committed against the populace, which had been ravaged by the plague
for close to fourteen years. The intensity of conflict subsided in 1825. No
serious disturbances occurred until 1846.
Many Kabardians were forced to leave their native lands during the exodus
years 1862-64. During the tsarist years, Kabarda was subsumed under the
Stavropol
Province. Cossack and Slav settlers found a new home in the north-eastern parts of
Kabarda. In September 1921, the Kabardian
Autonomous Oblast (AO) was formed, and in January 1922, the Balkar Okrug
was attached to the Kabardian AO to form the Kabardino-Balkarian AO. In December
1936, the status of Kabardino-Balkaria was elevated to autonomous republic
within the Russian SSR. In 1991, it became a constituent republic of the
Russian Federation
with no right of secession.
Present Political
Situation
The Kabardian nationalists are mainly represented by the Adige Xase (Circassian
Association), which is a member of the International Circassian Association.
The nationalists’ principal demand is restoration of historical Kabarda as
a first step towards re-establishment of Greater Circassia, with the concomitant
repatriation of the diaspora. The nationalists rode on a wave of popularity
that almost managed to wash away the old apparachiks, but by 1996, the people
had become more concerned with the economic woes that had gripped all
Russia. President Vladimir Kokov, effective leader of the Republic from 1990 to
2005, won the 1997 and 2002 presidential elections, putting more pressure
on the already beleaguered nationalists. The Kabardians and Balkars have
been at loggerheads since the latter were rehabilitated after their banishment.
The Cossacks also aspire to secession. There is a small chance of open conflict,
which could involve other kindred people.
In September 2005, Arsein Kanokov (Qanoqwe), a Kabardian businessman based
in
Moscow
and president of the Sindika Company, replaced the ailing Kokov as president
of the
Kabardino-Balkarian
Republic
(Kokov died on
29 October 2005
). The new president is considered by many to be the right person to lift
the Republic out of the myriad crises gripping it. Others have criticized
him for being week.
Kabardian Society
The Kabardians are part of the wider Circassian society, having the same
traditions and customs with slight regional variations. The social structure
was more elaborate and the Xabze, the code of conduct, was more developed.
Despite feudalism, there was enough social cohesion to allow the formation
of a huge empire in the 16th and 17th centuries, and enough clout to dominate
the central northern
Caucasus
until the middle of the 18th.
The Kabardian Pantheon consisted of some
three score
deities that regulated the cosmos. Pagan and animistic beliefs, some of
which are enshrined in the Nart legends, are still prevalent. Soviet propaganda
and isolation have resulted in a superficial knowledge of Islam. The Kabardians
of Mozdok are nominal Orthodox Christians, but they are almost indistinguishable
from their pagan/Muslim kin culturally.
Further Reading
Bell, James Stanislaus, Journal of Residence in
Circassia
during the Years 1837, 1838 and 1839,
London: Edward Moxon, 1840 (2
vols).
Jaimoukha, Amjad, The Circassians: A Handbook,
London
and
New York: Routledge;
New York: Palgrave, 2001.
Khan-Girey, Sultan, Zapiski
o Cherkesii [Studies on the Circassians],
St Petersburg, 1836; reprinted:
Nalchik: Elbrus Book Press, 1978.
Longworth, John
Augustus, A Year among the Circassians,
London: Henry Colburn, 1840 (2 vols).
Nogmov,
Sh. B., Istoriya
adikheiskogo [adigeiskogo]
naroda [History of the Circassian Nation],
Tiflis
(Tbilisi): Kavkazkikalendar
[Caucasian Calendar], 1861; republished:
Nalchik, 1947;
Nalchik: Kabardino-Balkarian Book Press, 1958 (in Circassian
and Russian);
Nalchik:
Elbrus Book Press,
1982, 1994. Online. Available HTTP: <http://www.circassianlibrary.org/library.php?lang=en&mn=2&sbmn=1>
(accessed
15 February 2008); Online. Available HTTP: <http://nogmov.kbsu.ru/> (accessed
23 March 2008). [Compiled in accordance with the legends and oral traditions of the Kabardians]
Traho,
Ramazan, ‘Literature on
Circassia
and the Circassians’, in Caucasian Review,
Munich, no. 1, 1955, pp 145-62.
Varoqua, K.,
A Study of the Circassian Culture as reflected in Literature and Oral History, Dissertation (Doctorate of Education), Graduate School of Education of
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick,
New Jersey, February 1981.