BODY

?A, FOREHEAD, BROW (inanimate: literally, 'what is at rest on top')

?A-FA (+ frequentative), FACE (VERB), BE TURNED TOWARD AND GIVE ATTENTION TO; Sumerian u-6, perceive, catch sight of (J. 801); IE 8. aw- (for *a:w-; cf. a/a:wis-, apparent), perceive sensually, apprehend




?A-FA-¿E (+ like), PERCEIVE; Sumerian ug~²-6, perceive, catch sight of (J. 801); IE awe:i- (for *a:wa:i-), perceive sensually, apprehend, listed under 8. aw-




?A-FA-?E-SHA (+ state), APPARENT; Sumerian uš-4 (for *us-x), comprehension (J. 893); IE a/a:wis-, apparent, listed under 8. aw-, perceive sensually, apprehend




?A-NA (+ one [inanimate]), FOREHEAD, BROW; Sumerian an, head (J. 14); (Egyptian D19, 'eye, nose, and cheek` - later supplanted by W17, 'water-pots in a rack`, which stands for HHA-NO-THO, jar-rack, for ?A-NA-THO, FOREHEAD, FRONT)




?A-NA(-K?XA) (+ hair), EYEBROW; Egyptian jn(H), eyebrow(s)




?A-NA (+ one), FACE, FRONT; Sumerian an, head (J. 14); (Egyptian D19, 'eye, nose, and cheek` - later supplanted by W17, 'water-pots in a rack`, which stands for HHA-NO-THO, jar-rack, for ?A-NA-THO, FOREHEAD, FRONT)




?A-NA-T?SO (+ handle), CHIN; Egyptian jn', chin (determinative [not in Gardiner], 'man's profile with beard`)




?A-NA-T?SO-RO (+ part), CHIN (PLACE OF BEARD); IE andher-, *chin, in Greek anthereo:n, chin, listed under andh-, stick out, etc.




?A-NA-T?SO, FLOWER (PETALS AROUND CENTER); IE andho-s, flower, listed under andh-, stick out, sprout, bloom




?A-NA-T?SO-RO (+ part), BEARD (OF A PLANT); IE andher-, beard, spike, listed under andh-, stick out, etc.




?A-NA-THO (+ assemblage), FRONTAGE; Egyptian xn.t (for *jn.t), face, brow, in front of, jar-rack (the Egyptian form has been mistakenly reconstructed from the spelling xn.t, which stands for K?XO-NA-'T?O, HOLDER [v. infra]); IE anto-, forehead, listed under ant-s, frontside, forehead




?A-NA-THO-'¿E (+ like), FRONTAL; Egyptian xn.t(j) (for *jn.t[j]), in front of, among, from, out of (v. supra); IE anti, opposite, listed under ant-s, frontside, forehead

?A, IMMEDIATE PRESENCE

ADVERBIAL

?A, HERE; IE *a(:) (in Old Indian a:-gam-, approach), 1. e/e:, o/o:, near by, together with

INFLECTIONAL

?A, INANIMATE STATIVE ('be adjective'); IE -(a): in PIE ma:-, ripe, mature (MA-?A)

PARTICLE

?A, interrogative; Egyptian j- in jšzt (j + š + z.t), what? (? + which + [is] + it); Sumerian a in a-ba, who? and a-na, what?; IE *a(:), *interrogative particle, in Greek é:, interrogative particle, and ê:, what?, pray?, can it be...?; Arabic ?a-, interrogative particle {prefix} (sentence initial); Chinese a, interrogative particle (sentence final)

PRONOMINAL

?A, FIRST PERSON DEICTIC PARTICLE, THIS (NEAR SPEAKER); *a-, listed under 3. e-, ei-, i, fem. i:-, paradigmatically bound pronominal stems 'the, he' (e, i probably originally demonstrative particles)

?A-NA (+ one [inanimate]), THIRD PERSON SINGULAR INANIMATE, IT; IE 2. an, there, on the other side (cf. anyos, other)


?A-NHA (+ one [animate]), THIRD PERSON SINGULAR ANIMATE, HE/SHE; Egyptian (j)n- as a base for demonstratives combined with the elements -w (FA), -j (¿E), -jj (¿E-¿E), -(j)n (?A-NHA), -t (THO), -3 (RA), and later -f (PHO). We cannot determine certainly whether Egyptian jn, in any form, represents animate ?A-NHA or inanimate ?A-NA (v. infra). This is the Arabic definite article ?al.

Though another series for feminines is built upon (j)t-, feminine plural forms like jp.t.n show that jp- (?A-P?A) was originally neutral towards gender - feminine singular forms like jt.jn show that there was originally one form, e.g. *jp.jn, which was reduced to jp.n, and finally to p.n in the singular but remained as jp.n in the plural, which was originally not differentiated.

That the original singular form was (j)p/n- is supported by the spelling nw with the water-jar, which reads jnw, and nn with the rush with the shoots (M22 in Gardiner's Sign List, which reads jn, hence *jnjn; not nn(!).

Cf. Old Irish alaile, other - ?A-NHA-?A-NHA-'¿E, listed under alyos, other [1. al-]) - FA, HA-'¿E, '?A-NHA comprise the 1st masculine, 2nd feminine, and 3rd animate pronouns, which are respectively I-, you-, and he-deictic.

The suffix -f (PHO) is a later Egyptian innovation - and as we would suppose from its meaning of 'first', conveys salience; -RE, 'any', conveys indefiniteness.

In Egyptian, the original difference in animateness between '?A-P?A and '?A-NHA was moot, and there is no difference in Early Egyptian between e.g. *jp.jn and *jn.jn that can be determined;

Sumerian: in Old Sumerian, the 3rd person singular ergative pronoun has the form a-ne (later e-ne), which is also used as a absolutive subject for intransitive verbs. A comparison of lugal-e, king (ergative) and lugal, king (absolutive), suggests strongly than *an was the original absolutive, and a-ne the ergative, corresponding to '?A-NA(-¿E). The third person plural, as reconstructed by A. Falkenstein, is a simple reduplication of a-ne: *ana:ne.

The possessive animate third person singular suffix is -a-ni (?A-NA-'¿E), while for the third plural, we have -a-ne-ne - again, a simple reduplication. These show better the original initial a- - in the possessive inanimate -bi, we find a reduction of *a-bi (?A-P?A-'¿E) - even further reduced forms of '?A-NA and '?A-P?A are found as subjectival elements in the verbal complex: in-zig, he raised; ib-2-zig, it raised - the initial i- is '¿E, the declarative - the same -n- occurs in the third person plural: in-zig-ge-eš, they raised - in the maru: forms, -b- in the same position denotes the object: ib-2-zi-zi-en, raising it.

A Sumerian verbal prefix a- has been theorized that may be an independent prefix with undefined meaning or a variant of i- - an alternately possible interpretation is that it represents the Sumerian equivalent of the IE injunctive, an imperfective durative form lacking -i, and that the original form of the pronoun *an is recognized by not being compounded with a prior ¿E-A; e.g. ud-bi-a (D)Gilgameš-2 en Kul-aba-4(KI)-ke-4 inim guruš uru-na-še-3 ša-3-ga-ni an-hul-2, on that day Gilgamesh, the lord of Kulaba, was gladdening his heart because of the words of his young men.

IE ?A-P?A is present as the demonstrative element 4. au-, that, and a reflex of ?A-P?A-RA (Egyptian jp3) can be seen in awar-.

?A-P?A (+ piece), THIRD PERSON SINGULAR INANIMATE, IT; Egyptian demonstrative base (j)p-; Sumerian possessive proun -bi; subject and object verbal element -b; IE 4. au-, that (v. supra under ?A-NHA)

PLANT

?A, GRASS(-LAND), SAVANNA

?A-¿E (+ -like), GRASS(-LIKE)




?A-¿E-K?A-¿E (+ chew), GRASS/CUD-CHEWER; IE aig^- (for aig^i-; cf. Greek aigeios, goatlike), goat; a/a:g^(y)-, goat




?A-¿E-RA-?A (+ tall-stative), DARNEL; IE ai-ra:-, a kind of grass




?A-¿E, GRASS HUT; Sumerian e-2, house (J. 599)

?A, BLADE (OF GRASS)

?A-SHA (+ satisfied), SIT; Sumerian as/z-3, *sit (Comb. 5 = J. 1, as/z-3 + J. 117, di-3, and means 'throne'); IE e/e:s- (for a:s-), sit; Arabic ?issun, foundation, principle, basis; ?assasa, lay the foundation, ground




?A-SHA-P?FO (+ place), SEATING PLACE




?A-SHA-P?FO-T?O (+ lump = cushion), THRONE; Egyptian jzbt, throne




?A-SHA-T?O (+ lump = cushion), SEAT; Egyptian (j)z.t, throne, seat




?A-SHA-T?O-¿E (+ like), SIT; IE *asodi- (cf. sodyo-m, seat), sit, listed under sed-, sit




?A-SHA-T?O-¿E, THRONE; Sumerian *asdi, *throne (Comb. 5 = J. 1, as/z-3 + J. 117, di-3, and means 'throne`)

?A, POINTED

SA-?A (strong +), HURT




SA-?A-¿E (+ -like), HURTFUL; IE sa:i-, hurt, sickness, harm




?A-FA (+ complete), PAIN(ED); IE 1. au, expression of pain, of confusion, irritation




?A-T?SE (+ finger), FENCE, EXCLUDE; IE edh-, fence, fence-stake, *shute (cf. Lithuanian eia~dine, in the shute; listed incorrectly under 1. ei-, go); Basque etsi, abandon, desist




?A-T?SE-RO (+ part), STAKE, EXCLUDE; IE edh- (for *edhr-; cf. Middle Dutch ader, fence-stake; Czech odr, stake); fence, fence-stake; Egyptian jdr (for jDr; cf. jDr.t, hall in tomb)), herd; jdr (*jDr), withhold

?A, PLANT-TOP (FOLIAGE); Egyptian j, *flower (Egyptian M17, 'flowering reed'); in j.w, reeds; Sumerian a-10, *plant-top (J. 658 reads a-10, has a date-palm with the top clearly drawn; and means '(date-)palm')

?A-¿E (+ -like), PLANT-TOPLIKE, TOP


PLANT

?A-?E, KERNEL, FRUIT-PIT, SEED, STONE; Sumerian ia-5, grain (J. 102)




?A-?E-FA (+ set),KERNELS, BARLEY; IE yewo- (for *ayáw-), grain, above all, barley




?A-¿E-RA (+ pole), POLE; IE *air-, *pole, listed under 4. ei- : oi-, pole, then shaft; Egyptian j3.t, standard; in j33.t, rod; Sumerian ir-3, *penis (J. 89 reads ir-3, and pictures a penis); iri-8, *pole (J. 112 reads iri-8, and means 'support' and pictures a forked stick); Arabic ?airun, penis




?A-FA (+ set), PLANTS




?A-FA-¿E (+ like), BOUND PLANTS, COLUMNAR




?A-FA-NHE (+ little), ARROW; Sumerian ul-4,*arrow (J. 11 reads ul-4, and means 'sting, thorn'; IE *awl- in Modern English awl




?A-FA-NHE-RA (+ spine), BOW; Sumerian illuru (for *uliru), bow (J. 111)




?A-FA-NHE-THO (+ assemblage), BOW; Egyptian jwn.t, bow




SE-?A-FA-NHE-THO (shoot +), ARROW; Egyptian zwn.t, arrow




?A-FA-NHE (+ entwine), (HALL OF) COLUMN[S]); Egyptian in jwnn, sanctuary; IE au-lo-s, hall; cf. Old Norwegian jo:li, hollow stem), tube, oblong cavity, *hall (cf. Greek aule:, court)




?A-FA-NHE-¿E (+ like), HALL OF COLUMNS, COURT; Egyptian in jwnjj.t, hall of columns; Sumerian ul-7 (for *uli?), *column (Comb. 2295 = J. 651 [hand] + J. 675 beam, bind)




?A-FA-NHE-RO (+ raise), STAND FIRMLY, SUPPORT; Sumerian ulil, standing firmly (J. 663); ulal, *support (J. 112 reads ulal, and means support)




?A-NA (+ one), FLOWER, HEAD (OF GRASSES); Sumerian an, date-flower (J. 14); ana, head of grasses (J. 14)




ANIMAL

?A, (NUCLEAR) FAMILY; Sumerian a in a-e-2, house, family (Comb. 3627 = J. 949, a + J. 599, e-2, house)




?A-¿E (+ -like), FAMILIAL

?A-¿E-P?FE (+ root), OFFSPRING

?A-¿E-P?FE-RO (+ adult), FIRST-BORN SON, HEIR; Sumerian ibila (for *epilu - cf. Akkadian aplu), son [J. 273 (child) + J. 89 (male)]




?A-¿E-P?FE-THO (+ assemblage), PROGENY; Egyptian 3b.t (for *jjb.t), family




?A-¿E-P?FE, PROCREATE; IE eibh-(for *aibh-), have intercourse with




?A-FA (+ set), FAMILY UNIT, FAMILIAL




?A-FA-'T?SO (+ hold), PASS ESTATE IN FEUD, INHERIT; Egyptian jw', inherit; IE audh- (for *a:udh-), happiness, property, riches, *feud, *inherit, listed incorrectly under 5. aw-, plait, weave




?A-KHE (+ other), BROTHER; Arabic ?akhun, brother; Yukaghir aka, older brother; Proto-Uralic ekä, older male relative, uncle; Proto-Altaic āka, older brother; Ryukyuan aka. older brother; Gilyak îki?in, older brother; Proto-Tibeto-Burman ik, older brother




?A-MA (+ breast), MOTHER; IE am(m)a, ami:, mother; Sumerian ama, mother (J. 462); Basque ama, mother




?A-MA-RE (+ make), BE AFFECTIONATE TO, BE FRIENDLY WITH; Egyptian jm3, be pleasant to, be gracious towards, be happy about (the words entered under jm3 are a conflation of ?A-MO, ?A-MO-¿E, ?A- MA-RE, and RA-MO); Sumerian amar, *take care of, care for (J. 782 reads amar, and means 'take care of, care for'); IE *amer in Latin ama:re, love, listed under am(m)a, mother




?A-NA (+ one), ANCESTOR; IE 1. an- (for *a:n-), term for male or female ancestors




?A-NA (+ stne), MEMORIAL; Sumerian a-2-na in (giS)a-2-na, a memorial tablet for an ancestor (Comb. 2019 - J. 628 + J. 114)




?A-P?A (+ seat), FATHER('S HOUSE); Sumerian ab, house, father (J.222); ab/p(a)-3, father (J. 274 - cf. Akkadian abu, father); IE awo-s, maternal grandfather; Arabic ?abu-n




?A-P?O (+ swollen = phallus), FATHER; Egyptian *jf, father (the spelling jt(f), father, is for jt or jf [?A-THO or ?A-P?O]); possibly Sumerian ab, house, father (J.222); ab/p(a)-3, *father (J. 274); possibly IE awo-s, maternal grandfather




?A-P?O, CONSORT; IE *abh- in Gothic aba, consort, listed incorrectly under abhro-, strong, furious




?A-PHA (+ feeder), FATHER; possibly IE appa, father




?A-PHA, ENGENDER; Sumerian ab/p-2,engender, bear (J. 759); ab/p(a)-3, *engender (J. 274 pictures a phallus entering a vagina)




?A-PHO (+ threatener), FATHER; possibly Egyptian *jf, father (the spelling jt(f), father, is for jt or jf [?A-THO or ?A-P?O/PHO]); possibly Sumerian ab, house, father (J.222); ab/p(a)-3, *father (J. 274); IE appa, father




?A-PHO-FA (+ complete), FATHERS (CLASS), FATHERLY; Arabic ?abu-n, ?abawâni (plural), father




?A-THO (+ assemblage), FAMILY; IE a/a:to-s, family, listed under a/a:tos, father, mother




?A-THO (+ approacher [to join]), CONSORT (MOTHER OR FATHER), PARENT; Egyptian jt(f), father; Sumerian ad/t/t*, father, mother (J. 274); IE in atta, father, mother, listed under a/a:tos




?A-THO-¿E (+ -like), FAMILIAL




?A-THO-¿E-¿E (+ like), NOBLE; Egyptian jtjj, sovereign; IE *ati- in Old High German edili, noble, listed under a/a:tos, father, mother




?A-THO-NA (+ one), GRANDFATHER; IE *aton- in Greek dial. atein, grandfather, listed under a/a:tos, father, mother; IE atta (for *atna), *grandfather, listed under a/a:tos, father, mother




?A-THO-NA, THE SUN, ATON, ADONIS; Egyptian jtn, sun; Sumerian adan, *sun (J. 684 reads adan, and means 'sun')




?A-THO-SHE (+ individual), MARRIAGE PARTNER; IE a/a:tos, father, mother




ADPOSITIONAL

?A, ON (the top of), AGAINST, ABUTTING, IN CONTACT WITH




?A-FA (+ around), AROUND; IE 3. au-, down to, away from, onto, hither




?A-MA (+ mound), ON, HERE; Chinese yān, here, herein




?A-MHA-NA (+ right hand), RIGHT, WEST; Egyptian jmn, right, west


?A-P?FHE (+ toe), BY


?A-P?FE-¿E (+ -like), BY; IE (a)bhi-, *by, listed under (ebhi?), onto, on toward and overpowering it


?A-T?A (+ thumb), BESIDE, WITH; Sumerian -da (for *-ada), comitative; IE 1. ad-, to, by, at



?A-THSO (+ circler), BACK TO; IE ato-, out over something, listed under ati-, out over something




?A-THSO-¿E (+ -like), BACK TO; IE ati-, out over something




?A-¿E (+ like), SHARP-POINTED




?A-¿E, SICK; IE 2. ai-, penetrate something, drive, overpower, sicken




?A-¿E, PIERCE; IE 2. ai-, enter by force, goad, overpower, wrong




?A-¿E-K?E (+ prod), PRIZE OUT; Egyptian (j)jk(jj), quarryman; IE *ag^- , prize out, in aig^u-, needle, listed under a/a:ik^-, spear, hit with a pointed weapon




?A-?E-K?E-?E (+ -like), TILL; Egyptian jH, enclose a town with a ditch; Sumerian ag/k/q, plant, cultivate (J. 159 - shows field with furrows); IE a/a:ik^-, spear, hit with a pointed weapon

?A-?E-P?FE(-FA) (+ specific spot), TATTOO; Egyptian 3b.w (for *jjb.w), brand




?A-FA, GRASS; Egyptian j.w, *grass (Egyptian s[j]m, herb, plant, is written with M21, '([three] reeds growing side by side with a loop at the side)' - this is SA-?A-MO, BIND (WITH GRASS-ROPE), as the 'loop at the side' shows




?A-FA-¿E (+ -like), GRASSLIKE




?A-FA-¿E-NA (+ one), STRAW; Egyptian jwn, nest, *straw; jwn.t, a (*straw) article of clothing; Sumerian in, straw (J. 277); IE *awain- in Latin ave:na, straw, listed incorrectly under awig^-, kind of grass, oats




?A-FA-SE, SPREAD GRASS OUT, SLEEP; Sumerian uš, lie close to, copulate (J. 424); IE au-s-, spend the night, sleep, listed under 2. au-




?A-T?O (+ lump), GRAIN(-KERNEL); Egyptian M33, 'grains of corn`); Egyptian jt, barley, grain; Sumerian ad, date-kernel (J. 274)




?A-T?O-SE (+ seed), GRAIN; IE ados-, kind of grain, spelt, listed under ades-




?A-K?A-¿E (+ chew), CUD-CHEWER; Egyptian jH ( *jkj), bull; Sumerian ag-3, *cud-chewer (J. 893 reads ag-3, and means 'sheepskin, fleece`); IE a/ag^-, (for ag^i-; cf. Lithuanian oz`y~s, he-goat), he-goat, goat




?A-K?A-¿E-NA (+ one), YOUNG CUD-CHEWER; IE agwh-no-s (for *agyno-), lamb




?A-K?E (+ poke), GOAD; IE ag^-, drive, *goad (cf. Old Indian aSTra:, goad for driving cattle; Sumerian ag-2, send (J. 362); Egyptian jk, challenge; Basque aga, long pole, stick




?A-ME (+ stick out), SICKLE (POINTED; SET WITH TRIANGULAR PIECES OF FLINT); Egyptian *jm, sickle (Egyptian U1, 'sickle`, incorrectly transliterated m3)




?A-ME-HHA (+ move in place), MOW, SWING IN A SEMICIRCULAR MOTION; Sumerian am, *mow (J. 949, a, water (HHA), and J. 14 together read am-3, which serves as the enclitic copula; since the non-enclitic copula is me, to be, in other positions, we conclude an unrecorded reading of am(e) for J. 14, in its meaning, 'bring to an end' [ 'mow down']); IE ame:-, mow, listed under 2. me:-, mow




?A-ME-RE (+ apply), MOW; Egyptian m3 (for *jm3), *sickle (Egyptian U1, 'sickle', incorrectly transliterated m3)




?A, TOP




?A-ME (+ call out), INSIST; Sumeriam am-2, *charge with, order (J. 362 reads am-2, and means 'charge with, order'); IE am6- (for *am6i-, cf. Sanskrit ami:ti, presses upon, urgently assures, swears), make firm, listed under om6-, proceed energetically, and therefrom, insist firmly upon, make fast = affirm with an oath, and set upon, torture, harm




?A-ME-RE (+ make), COMMAND; Arabic ?amara/ya?muru, to order, command




?A-MO (+ spread over), HOLD OVER, HOLD (ON) TO; Egyptian *jm, hold to, handle (Egyptian S11, 'two planks crossed and joined', rather 'a pole with handles'); IE 1. am-, hold; *am-, hold to, in Sanskrit amati, serve, honor




?A-MO-¿E (+ -like), UPHOLD, HOLD UP/TO; Egyptian jm(3), be pleasant to, be gracious towards, be happy about (the words entered under jm3 are a conflation of ?A-MO, ?A-MO-¿E, ?A-MA-RE, and RA-MO); ; IE *ami-, *uphold, in Latin ami:cus, friend, listed under am(m)a, mother




?A-MO-RO (+ high degree), FIRMLY UPHELD, HOPED FOR; in Egyptian mrj (for *jmr), love, want, wish, desire; Arabic ?amala/ya?mulu, hope




?A-NA (+ one), ONE ON TOP




?A-NA-¿E (+ -like), BECOME ON TOP, FULL-GROWN, MATURE. RIPE, FOCUS OF INTEREST; Arabic ?anâ/ya?nî, mature, ripen, come, draw near (of time)




?A-NHA (+ move back and forth), BE AT THE TOP, FULL-GROWN, MATURE; Sumerian al, keep, bear interest, *grow to maturity (cf. ab-2-al, sexually mature cow) (J. 564); IE 2. al-, grow, let grow, nourish




?A-NHA-'¿E (+ -like), BEYOND THE TOP, OVERLY LARGE; IE 1. al- (for *ali-), above and beyond




?A-NHA-¿E, BIGGISH; Arabic ?aliya/ya?layu, to have big buttocks (cf. alyân, large)




?A-NHA-KHXE (+ deer), ELK; IE *a:lk^(h)- in Greek álke:, elk, listed under 1. el- (for *a:l-), red, brown




?A-RHE (+ come), GROW

?A-RHE-T?A (+ give), SHOW GROWTH; IE er(6)d-, er(6)dh-, high, grow




?A-RHE-T?SO (+ hold), MAINTAIN GROWTH; IE er(6)d-, er(6)dh-, high, grow; Arabic ?araDa/ya?ruDu, bring forth herbs abundantly




GRAMMATICAL

?A-NHA, PERFECTIVE; Egyptian sDm.jn.f verbal form; Sumerian al-, verbal prefix; IE in -lo in Armenian and Old Bulgarian participles




?A-NHA-MO (+ overall), ENOUGH; IE in Sanskrit alam, enough




?A-RE (+ scratch), EARTH (LOOSE), DIRT, MOUND OF EARTH; IE 4. er-, earth; Sumerian ar(a)-2, mound (J. 572)

?A-RE-THO (+ assemblage), HEAP, MOUND OF EARTH; Egyptian j3.t, mound; IE er-t-, earth, listed under 4. er-




?A-RO (+ raise), SET ON TOP, SET IN ORDER, ACT HONORABLY, ACCOMPLISH; Egyptian jr(j), do; ; Sumerian al, keep (J. 564); IE 1. ar-, fit together, be fit




?A-RO-¿E (+ -like), ACCOMPLISHED, HONORABLE, SUPERIOR; Egyptian *jrj, *put in order (Egyptian A48, 'beardless man (or woman?) holding knife [?]); IE aryo, lord, commander, *honorable man (em>cf. Sanskrit a:ryaka, honorable man)




?A-'RO-¿E-¿E, HONORABLE MAN, TRUSTEE; Egyptian jrjj, keeper




?A-RO-THO (+ assemblage), ORDER; Egyptian jr.t, duty; IE art-, holy order, listed under 1. ar-, fit together, be fit




?A-RO (+ adult), ADULT (MALE) (OF THE FAMILY), SUPERIOR; IE in aryo-, lord, commander; Egyptian in jrj, companion (rather adult; Gardiner D48, shows 'beardless man (or woman?) holding knife(?)', rather: 'holding feather', a sign of adult status; Sumerian al, *adult, in ab-2-al, sexually mature cow (J. 564 shows man with feather in hair); Chinese lüâ, companion, associate; Basque ar, male




KHXA-?A (pointed +), REED; Tibetan ka-a, post (pillar) (v. infra under KHXA)




SA-?A (strong +), HERBS; Sumerian ša-17 (for sa-x), grass, herb, plant (J. 593)




SA-?A-MO (+ overall), USEFUL HERBS; Sumerian šam (for sam), grass, herb, plant (J. 593)




SA-?A, GRASS-ROPE (v. infra)







---





* * *





?E



TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic



Chinese ?=y Tibetan ?=Ø









TOOTH

BLADED

EAT

HARD

OFF

BODY

?E, TOOTH, SHARP-EDGED (inanimate: literally, 'what is at points across'); Sumerian i-5, *tooth (J. 15 - reads i-5, and means 'tooth')



?E-¿E (+ -like), FANG, THORN, TOOTH, TUSK, IVORY; Chinese yá, tooth, tooth-like thing, ivory




?E-¿E-P?FE (+ animal name), ELEPHANT; Egyptian 3b.w (for *jjb[.w]), elephant(s); Sumerian ab/p-2 (for *ep-x), wild ox (transferred to wild ox in the absence of elephants) (J. 759; portrays tusks and trunk); IE *ibh- in Sanskrit ibha-H, elephant




?E-¿E-P?FE-RO (+ part), TUSK, SHARP; IE *aibhro-, *sharp, listed incorrectly under 4. ai-, burn, light




?E-P?FE (+ animal name), BOAR




?E-P?FE-RO (+ high degree), BOAR; IE epero- (for *ebhero- - a taboo deformation; cf. Germanic *ebur(a), boar, prince), boar




?E-P?FE-RO-?E (+ -like), IVORY; IE *ebheroi-, *ivory, in Latin ebur, ivory; Chinese yá-zhì, made of ivory




?E-¿E, SHARP-BLADED, CHISEL; Egyptian *(j)j, needle (Egyptian U23, 'chisel(?)'; read 3b but correctly j[b]); IE ai-, *sharp, in Lithuanian aitra, sharpness, listed under ai-tro-, sharp, an incorrect derivative of 4. a/a:i-, burn, light, *sharp




?E-FA (+ complete), BITE AT; Chinese yaāo, bite, snap at




SA-?E-FA(strong +), GIVEN A BITE, BITING. SOUR, SALTY; IE sa:i-wo-, *sharp, in Latvian sievs, sharp, biting,listed under sa:i-, pain, sickness, damage




?E-NA (+ ingressive), EAT; Sumerian en-4, *eat (J. 15 reads en-4, and portrays a human mouth; compounds derived from it mean 'meal'; Basque jan, eat




?E-T?A (+ give), EAT; IE ed- (*e:d), eat




?E-T?A-FA (+ set), FOOD; Sumerian id/t/t*, *food (J. 628 reads id/t/t*, and means 'reward'; it is composed of J. 629, 'right hand and arm`, and J. 628, 'grain`); IE e:do-, food, listed under ed-, eat


SHO-?E-T?A (+ good), SWEET; Sumerian šad-3, *sweet (J. 715 reads šad-3, and means 'sweet'); IE swa:d-, sweet, find pleasure or taste in; ; Tibetan b-sod-pa, pleasing, very good, agreeable



SA-?E-¿E (strong +), VERY SHARP, BITING, BE ACIDIC, BURNING, POISONOUS




SA-?E-¿E-RO (+ high degree), VERY BURNING, PAINFUL; IE sa:i-ro, painful, listed under sa:i-, pain, sickness, damage




SA-?E-¿E-MO (+ overall), VERY PAINFUL; Basque samin, painful, bitter



MINERAL

?E, HARD, STONE; Sumerian i-4, stone (J. 453); Sumerian ia-4, stone (J. 453); Nenets (Uralic) ya, earth




?E-NA (+ one), ROCK; Egyptian jn(r), stone; Chinese yán, rock, cliff, crag




?E-NA-RO (+ high degree), MOUNTAIN, INDRA, ALLA(TUM), IL, SATURN AS MOUNTAIN; Sumerian al-7, *mountain (J. 14 reads al-7, and means 'high'); il(i/u)-3, high (J. 14); IE *in(d)ro- in Sanskrit Indra (d inserted to prevent adjacency of n and r), listed incorrectly under oid-, swell




?E-NA-RO-¿E (+ -like), BLOCK (OF STONE); Egyptian jnr, stone; Sumerian al-2, idol (J. 660); IE *an(d)ri- in Sanskrit adri-, stone, cliff, mountain (d inserted to prevent adjacency of n and r), listed incorrectly under ond-, stone, cliff?

?E, HARD

?E, OFF, BELOW (PREVERB); IE e/e:, o/o:, adnominal and adverbal particle, approximately 'near by, together with', outside of Aryan and partially even in it fading in meaning, in Germanic arriving at the sense of 'under, after, behind to, back, again, away'

PRONOMINAL

?E, THIRD PERSON DEICTIC PARTICLE (NEAR THING SPOKEN ABOUT), THAT YONDER; Egyptian demonstrative element -j in pj, that; Sumerian demonstrative element -e; IE 3. e-, ei-, i, fem. i:-, paradigmatically bound pronominal stems 'the, he' (e, i probably originally demonstrative particles)

?E-¿E (+ -like), HE, SHE, IT; IE 3. e-, ei-, i, fem. i:-, paradigmatically bound pronominal stems 'the, he' (e, i probably originally demonstrative particles); Chinese yī, he or she or it




?E-K?E (+ male), I (MASCULINE FIRST PERSON SINGULAR); IE eg^-, eg^(h)om, eg^o:, I




?E-K?E-?E-MA (+ asseveration), VERILY I (MASCULINE FIRST PERSON SINGULAR); IE eg^hom (listed under eg^-, eg^(h)om, eg^o:, I), I




?E-MA (+ mound), THERE; Egyptian in jm, there; Sumerian im, *there, in i-3-im-g~en, he has come there; IE em-, there, listed under 3. e-, the

?E + (x), (TRUE PREPOSITIONS)

?E-T?SO (+ arm), BY MEANS OF; Sumerian -ta (for *-eta), ablative-instrumental (rather instrumental!)(J. 240); IE: ablative (o-stems), -e:/-o:d, but also *-e:/o:t (cf. Sanskrit vrka:t, vrka:d - -e:/o:d(h), instrumental, for ?E-T?SO, by means of; and *-e:/o:t(h6), ablative, for ?E-THSO, through)


E-RO (+ raise), UP TO; Egyptian (j)r, to; Sumerian dative -ra (for *-er[a] - the [r] remained because the accent had reduced the form to -'e-r6 before [ro] became [la]);IE genitive -r in Gothic ugkara (our two), unsara (our), igqara (your two), izwara (your), Latin nostri: (our), and vestri: (your); Old Icelandic va:r, our; Armenian iur, his; oir, whose


?E-RO-¿E (+ -like), TILL; Arabic ?ilâ, until, till (?ilaika, to you)



¿A-SE (+ separate), AWAY TO; Sumerian adverbial -eš, e.g. An kug-ge zid-de-3-eš-2 mu-g~ar, pure An has faithfully placed it (there)




?E-THSO (+ circler), THROUGH; Sumerian -ta (for *-eta), ablative-instrumental (ablative!) (J. 240); IE: ablative (o-stems), -e:/-o:d, but also *-e:/o:t (cf. Sanskrit vrka:t, vrka:d - -e:/o:d(h6), instrumental, for '?E-T?SO, by means of; and *-e:/o:t(h6), ablative, for '?E-THSO, through)




?E-THSO-¿E (+ -like), FURTHERMORE; IE eti-, above and beyond, furthermore, also




?E-SHO (+ same), AS; Egyptian js, particle, as; e.g. jn.k js ppj pn z3 gbb js, this Pepy has come many times to you as the son of Geb (to be on the throne of Amon) - the final [js] is ?E-SHO, AS - the first [js] is ¿E-SHO, (EMPHASIS); IE esu-s, good, qualified [tüchtig])

?E, (PASSIVE IMPERFECTIVE - Stem VI)

BODY

?O, MOUTH (inanimate: literally, 'what is moved to the top of')

?O-FA (+ set), MOUTH-PARTS




?O-FA-SO (+ skin), LIP(S); IE 6us-, mouth, orifice, border

PRONOMINAL

?O, SECOND PERSON DEICTIC PARTICLE, THAT (NEAR SPEAKER); *o-, listed under 3. e-, ei-, i, fem. i:-, paradigmatically bound pronominal stems 'the, he' (e, i probably originally demonstrative particles)

?O + (x), (TRUE PREPOSITIONS)

BODY

¿A, EYE(LID), OPTIC APERTURE, SLIT OF THE EYE (inanimate: literally, 'what is at rest on points below

?A-MHA (+ -like), LOOK OVER

?A-MHA+¿E (+ ceaselessly active), LOOK OVER INTENSELY

?A-MHA-?E-RE (+ make), TAKE A LOOK; Egyptian in *jmj3, see (to), look upon, regard (this word is normally transliterated m3(3); it is written with U1, 'sickle', *jm (?A-'ME-HHA) and D4, 'eye', as a determinative; IE *amiro- in Latin mi:ror, to wonder at, be astonished, look at with admiration (cf. also Modern Spanish mirar, look at, watch), incorrectly listed under 1. (s)mei-, smile, be astonished; Akkadian ama:ru, see




¿A-NA (+ one), EYE

¿A-NA-¿A-NA, THE ANCESTORS; Sumerian en-en, the ancestors (Comb. 747 - 2x J. 161, watch)




¿A-¿E, EYELIKE

¿A-¿E-NA (+ one), EYE; Sumerian in-2, *eye (J. 798 reads in-2, and means 'eye'; ina-2, *eye (J. 798 reads ina-2, and means 'eye'); in(i)-2, *eye (J. 798 reads in(i)-2, and means 'eye'); cf. Akkadian înu, eye); Arabic ¿ainun, eye (cf. ?a¿yunun, eyes); Sumerian

¿A-FA, PAIR OF EYES

¿A-FA-NA (+ one), EYE; IE aun-, eye, listed incorrectly under okw-, see




¿A-FA-¿E, PAIR OF EYES; Sumerian ig~²i, eye(s) (J. 798); IE awi-, pair of eyes, in Old High German awi-zoraht, apparent, listed incorrectly under okw-, see

¿A-FA-¿E-T?A (+ give), CATCH SIGHT OF, SEE, FIND; IE *awid- in Sanskrit ávidat, finds, for 2. w(e)di-, catch sight of, see {this entry includes reflexes of FO-¿E-T?A-¿E, BE HEARING, KNOWING, and FO-¿E-T?A, HEAR, KNOW)




¿A-FA, SEE

¿A-FA-KHO (+ little), GLANCE; Sumerian ug-6, recognize, catch sight of (J. 801 reads ug-6, and means 'recognize, catch sight of = J. 798, eye + J. 239, clay tablet)




¿A-FA-KHO (+ little), SUN, UG (SUMERIAN SUN-GOD AS EYE OF HEAVEN); Sumerian ug/k/q, *day, *light (J. 230 reads ug/k/q, and means *day, *light)




¿A-XHA (+ press together), SQUINT TO SEE; IE okw-, see, *eye




T?SA-¿A-FA (long +), LONG LOOK; Sumerian zu, recognize, know, learn, teach (J. 6); IE *dha:u-, *stare, listed under dhey6- : dhya:- : dhi:-, see, view, *think




SA-¿A-FA (strong +), GET A GOOD LOOK; IE *sew- (for *syeu-), *see, noted as a variant under 2. sekw-, observe, see, show, originally scent, detect and (later) say, identical to 1. sekw-; Basque so, look, glance, gaze

¿A-RO (+ part), OPTICAL APERTURE; Egyptian jr, *eye (Egyptian D4, 'eye')

¿A-RO-T?O (+ lump), EYEBALL; Egyptian jr.t, eye; IE irid- in Greek îris, rainbow, listed incorrectly under 1. wei-, turn, bend

HHA-¿A (water +), TEAR (NOUN)

HHA-¿A-RHE (+ fall), CRY; Sumerian i/er-2, tear [J. 798 (eye) + J. 949 (water)]; Sumerian *ir, eye (J. 798 means 'eye'; combined with J. 949, 'water', HHA, it means '*tear'; this combination reads i/er-2, HHA-¿A-RHE, cry)

¿A, WHITE

¿A-RHA (+ color), WHITE




¿A-RHA-¿E, WHITE, KERNEL, HARD; IE are:i-, listed under 3. ar-, nut; perhaps in Arabic yarru, to be hard




¿A-RHA-QE (+ milk), SILVERY, MILKY; IE ar(e)(n)g^-, shining, whitish; Egyptian j3q.t, leeks; Arabic ¿araqa, strip a bone to the flesh (make to show white); ¿araqun, milk; ¿irqun, fresh milk; ¿arraqa, add a little water (whiten); ¿arîqun, noble (light-skinned)

VERBAL

¿A, SEE, WATCH

¿A-NA (+ ingressive), WATCH (noun), (PERIOD OF) TIME; Sumerian en(i/u), *watch (J. 161)




¿A-NA-FA (+ agentive), SCOUT; Egyptian (j)nw, hunter (*scout); Sumerian en(i/u), watchman, lord, king (J. 161)




¿A-NA-FA (+ complete), WATCH TO THE END; Egyptian jnw, see, look; Sumerian en(i/u), watch (J. 161)




¿A-NA-FA (+ set) (+ s, WATCHES, TIME; Egyptian (j)nw, time; used as a base for independent pronouns [jn(w)k - ¿A-NA-FA-K?E, now I (masc.) - jn(w)n - ¿A-NA-FA-NHA, now we]; and a form combined with THO from which the first syllable had disappeared through a shifted stress-accent was used for the other persons [NAF-'THO-KHO, now then you (originally, feminine)]; Sumerian en(i/u), time (J. 161); in ge-6-u-3-na, nighttime (ge-6 is KHE, shadow; u-3 also reads *wê [cf. u-3, cry of pain, weak, i.e. FHA-¿E and FA-?A-¿E, IE wai, woe, and wa:i-, weak, suffering); and in me-na-am-3, where, and me-na-še-3, how long - the last has the alternate form en-3-še-3, how long, which shows the earlier e- (nu-9-še-3 is also a possible read ing); IE 2. en-, year




¿A-NA, NARRATIVE, NOW; Egytian sDm.jn.f, indicates a result or sequel, and introduces outstanding events, and oftenest is translated as 'then'; Sumerian verbal prefix na - many examples show that verb forms with na set a stage for subsequent action, and can be simply translated as 'now': an-gal-ta ki-gal-še-3 g~eštug-2-ga-ni na-an-gub, from the great heaven, she (now) set her mind to the great earth; and, in the introductory formula of a letter, where na is always used: lugal-e na-ab- be-2-a, Ur-Li-9-si-4-na-ra u-3-na-a-dug-4, you must say to Ur-Lisina what the king (now) says; IE in nu/u:-, now; the present stem formatives -nno-, -no-, -n6-, -nu- and -new-




¿A-NA-ME (+ asseveration), NOW TRULY; Sumerian verbal prefix nam: e.g. a nam-de-6, now he has (truly) brought water (which continues: a zal-le na-nam, it is indeed overflowing water); IE similar formation: *num (in Greek nun, now), listed under nu/u:-, now




¿A-¿E (+ -like), BE LOOKING; Sumerian i, see (J. 270)


¿A-¿E-NA (+ one), TAKE A LOOK; IE in e:n, look there




¿A-¿E-NA (+ one),EYE; Chinese yân, eye




T?SA-¿A-¿E (long +), BE TAKING A LONG LOOK, VIEWING (ALSO IN THE MIND); Sumerian zi-5, *be taking a long look (J. 798 reads zi-5, and means 'see, judge, decide'); IE dhey6- (for *dhaye:-) : dhya:- : dhi:-, see, view, *think (cf. Old Indian dhyá-, thinking, speculation); Chinese cāi, guess, conjecture, speculate, suspect




SA-¿A-¿E (strong +), SEE WELL, PERCEIVE; Sumerian si-17, *see (J. 798 reads si-17, and means 'see'); IE *sey- in Old Icelandic sja:, see, listed incorrectly under 2. sekw-, notice, see, show, originally scent and more recently say; Chinese sī, take charge of, attend to, manage




SA-¿A-¿E-RE (+ make), GIVE A KNOWING LOOK, RECOGNIZE; Egyptian sj(j)3, recognize, perceive, know, be aware of, perception, knowledge

MINERAL

¿A, CREVICE

-¿A, (INANIMATE INDEFINITE PLURAL); IE -i in masculine and feminine plural of o-stems (-oi)

¿A-RHE (+ rain), DRENCH




¿A-RHE-QE (+ juice), PERSPIRATION; IE *erei(n)g-, *sweat (cf. Old Indian rin.á:'ti, let flow, run from, discharge), listed under 3. er-, put into motion (erei-, *flow); Sumerian irig, sweat (J. 457); Arabic ¿ariqa, sweat; ¿araqun, perspiration




¿A-SO (+ fold), (EMPHASIS); Egyptian js, emphatic particle (verily), or (many times), e.g. jn.k js ppj pn z3 gbb js, this Pepy has come many times to you as the son of Geb (to be on the throne of Amon) - the final [js] is ?E-'ZA-FA, AS (IE esu-s, good, qualified [tüchtig]); IE -yes, comparative suffix




¿A-T?SE (+ finger), ¿A-T?SE, HAND; Sumerian id/t/T(for *it), *hand (J. 628 reads id/t/T, and means 'arm, side, strength, reward'); Arabic yadun (a rare example of y for ¿), hand

BODY

¿E, DIAPHRAGM (inanimate: literally, 'what is moved from points below'); Japanese i, stomach

¿E-FA (+ round), WAIST; Chinese yāo, waist




¿E-P?FO (+ place), WAIST; Sumerian ib/p, waist, anger (J. 411); Egyptian jb, heart, mind, desire, mood




¿E-P?FO, ENGENDER; IE *yebh-, copulate, listed under eibh-; Tibetan yab, father




BODY

¿E, VOICE


¿E-?A (+ stative), SPEECH; Sumerian i, speech (J. 270); i-5, voice (J. 15 reads i-5, and means 'mouth, speak'); in Arabic ya?ya?u, show kindness, flatter, call out; IE ya:-, be excited, punish, revenge, speak excitedly, swear, praise




¿E-FA (+ set), WORD(S), LANGUAGE; Chinese yû, language, tongue, words; Japanese yuu, iu, speak




¿E-ME (+ expel), HUM; Egyptian jm, moan; Sumerian i/em(i),*moan (J. 721 reads i/em, and means 'wind, fear'); IE *em-, hum, in empi-, gnat (¿E-ME-PHA- ¿E) and embhi-, bumblebee (¿E-ME-P?FA-¿E)




¿E-ME-¿E (+ like), SPEAK; Egyptian *jm, speak (Egyptian Aa14, '?', is rather 'tongue'; a similar sign, Aa15, '?', is 'arm and side of body', and reads gs, side; both have been conflated into Aa13, '?'); Sumerian eme (em-4, i/em-4), speak (J. 50); IE *yem- in Russian ímya, name, listed under en(o)mN-; Chinese yán, speech, word




¿E-ME-¿E-FA (+ set), TONGUE; Egyptian in jm.w, *tongues, parts of the body; Sumerian eme (em-4, i/em-4), tongue (J. 50)




¿E-ME, MOAN OF THE WIND; Sumerian i/em(i), wind (J. 721)




¿E-MO (+ flesh), PHARYNX; Chinese yān, pharynx




¿E-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO VOICE, YELL; IE 4. el- (for *yel-), ol-, *yell (cf. Swedish dialect jalm, cry, cacophony




ANIMAL

¿E, BREATH; Sumerian i, breath (J. 270)




¿E-?A (+ stative), BREATH (NOUN); Sumerian *ia, *breath (J. 270 reads ia, and means 'air, breath, spirit, activities of the spirit')




¿E-FHA (+ wind), HAVE WHISPERED




¿E-FHA-¿E-FHA, BE WHISPERING; Chinese yú-yú, whisper

VERBAL

¿E, BE RAISED (inanimate: literally, 'what is moved from points below'); Sumerian i, raise (J. 270)

¿E-FA (+ complete), HAVE STIRRED UP; IE 1. yeu-, mix




¿E-FA-THO (+ assemblage), BROTH; IE yeu-to- (for *you-to-), *fat (cf. Middle Latin iotta, broth), listed under 1. yeu-, mix




¿E-FA, YOUNG; Egyptian *jw, *young (Egyptian E9, 'newborn bubalis or hartebeest'; Sumerian u-4, *young (J. 684 reads u-4, and means 'young')




¿E-FA-¿E (+ -like), YOUNG (NEWLY SEPARATED); IE yewi-, young one, in Latin juvenis, young, listed under 3. yeu-, young




¿E-FA-NA (+ one), YOUNG (THING); IE in you-ni-, young, listed under 3. yeu-, young




¿E-FA-NA-KHO (+ little), VERY YOUNG; Sumerian ug-4, *young (J. 684 reads ug-4, and means 'young'); IE yowenko- (for *younko-), young, listed under 3. yeu- (for *you-), young




¿E-FA-NO, WOMB; IE *youn- in Old Indian yó:ni, stopping place, womb, listed incorrectly under yeu-ni or you-ni-, approximately appointed place, right way




¿E-FA-NO (+ store), BEAR YOUNG; Sumerian unu-3, *bear young (J. 759 [cow] + J. 893 [bear]; IE youno-, *bear young, in Latin Ju:no:, Juno, listed under 3. yeu-, young




¿E-FA-NO-RO (+ raise), PREGNANT; Chinese yùn, pregnant




¿E-FA-NO, PROCREATE YOUNG; Sumerian unu-8, *procreate young (J. 561 [long] + J. 424 [penis])

VERBAL

¿E, SPEAK; in Arabic ya?ya?a, call out

¿E-FHA (+ wind), CRY OUT; IE yu/ua:, outcry, especially rejoicing; Chinese yāo, cry out, call




¿E-FHA-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO CRY OUT; IE ye:ul- in English yowl, listed under 2. yu/u:-, outcry, especially rejoicing; Arabic ¿âla/ya¿ulu, lament; ¿awwala, wail, weep loudly




¿E-FHA-PHA(+ diminutive), MAKE A LITTLE CRY; IE *yaup-, *yap, *yipe, *yip; Arabic ¿aufun, wolf (yapper?)

GRAMMATICAL

?E,(IMPERFECT{IVE} PARTICIPLE); Egyptian -j, imperfect participle; Sumerian -e, imperfect participle (marû); IE -i-, present (really imperfect) formant; forms nomina agentis (Brugmann 1972: II, 278-84)

ADPOSITIONAL

¿E-, UP FROM (PREVERB); IE e/e:, o/o:, adnominal and adverbial particle, approximately 'near by, together with', outside of Aryan and partially even in it fading in meaning, in Germanic arriving at the sense of 'under, after, behind to, back, again, away', *up from (cf. Greek he-geíro:, wake up)

¿E-RHO (+ rise), RISE UP FROM; Egyptian jr(j), act (as), succeed; Sumerian il(i/u)-3 (for il-3), bring to an end (J. 14); IE el6- (for *elo:-), drive, set into motion, move one's self, go, *rise up from (cf. Armenian elanem, climb up, come up out of), listed under 6. el-



¿E-RHO-¿E (+ -like), BE MAKING TO RISE UP FROM; Egyptian jrj, create, beget, make, construct, appoint, cultivate, marshall, inflict (wound); Sumerian il(i)-2 (for ili-2), carry (J. 594 + J. 968); IE *elei-, *be made to rise (cf. Greek hiállo:, send, throw (*yely-), listed under 6. el-, drive, set into motion, move one's self, go; Arabic ¿allâ, to elevate

¿E, GENITIVE; though the Sumerian genitive is generally regarded as -ak, it is never written -AK but rather as -a of -Ca (or assimillated to the previous vowel) unless followed by a vowel. E. Sollberger regards, therefore, the ending as -a: e.g. g~išrab mah an ki-a, the huge neckstock of heaven and earth; e-2 lugal-la, the house of the king. This mode of formation corresponds to the possessive pronouns: g~u-10, my, from *g~a-2 (FA-'?E), I; zu, your, from *za, you (T?E-'?E); a-ni, his, hers, from *an (?A-NA-'?E); these are theoretical absolutive forms from g~a-2-e, za-e, and a-ne (ergative). The Sumerian forms with -k-, e.g. Nin-G~ir-2-su-ke-4, Ningirsu (ergative) is the result of compounding with aka-2, possession (HHA-'¿E-KHXO, sea-shell, possession; in Egyptian jx.t, possession; IE e:ik-, own, have the power to [for *a:ik-]). This genitive is also seen in IE in the possessive pronouns: me-yo- (for *ma-yo-), my; and in the Latin and Irish genitives in -i:.

¿E-¿E,(DERIVATIONAL); Egyptian -j(j), adjectives of relationship; Sumerian adjectives in -a (J. 949 for *iá:-x, i.e. ?éHH, flood); IE -yo- (for *-y-o-), forms adjectives denoting possession, origin, and other ways in which one thing may be connected with another; locative -i (really derivational); Semitic nisbe-adjectives in -îy-

PRONOMINAL

¿E, I (FIRST PERSON SINGULAR); Twi yɛ, we, our, us

¿E, YOU (SECOND PERSON SINGULAR [POLITE]); Sumerian e, 2 p. sing.; IE in 1. yu-, you (2nd p. dual and pl.) from *yewa (RH ¿EF); 2nd p. sing. primary -i in Lithuanian dirbi and Old Irish -bir (IE bhera:i), you bear

¿O, FIST (inanimate: literally, 'what is moved to points below'); Egyptian *h, *fist (Egyptian O4, 'reed shelter in fields', rather 'fist'); Sumerian a-2, arm, power, *fist (J. 628, composed of J. 629, 'right hand with arm', and J. 669, grain, water; since WATER is a (HHA), and PLANT-TOP is *a (?A), we assume that an unrecorded reading of J. 669 is a-x, and that it is being used as a phonetic determinant for FIST, i.e. a (¿O); a-6, *fist (J. 750 reads a-6, and means 'hand')

¿O, TESTICLE, MALE, SCROTUM, FORMANT OF MALE NAMES

¿O-¿E (+ -like), TESTICULAR

¿O-¿E-T?O (+ lump), TESTICLE; IE oid-, swell, *testicle (cf. Polish jadro, testicles)




¿O-¿E-RO-¿E (+ part), TESTICLE; IE *oiri- in Welsh eirin, testicles, plums, listed incorrectly under o:g-, grow, fruit, berry

¿O-¿E (+ -like), BE PROCREATING; Egyptian h(j), husband; Sumerian 'u-5, lord of the house (J. 95)

¿O-¿E-¿E (+ -like), PROCREATOR; Egyptian hjj, husband; Sumerian ea (for *'é(y)à-4), *father (J. 949 reads 'e-4, and means 'father')

¿O-FA (+ set), PAIR OF TESTICLES

¿O-FA-¿E (+ -like), STRONG; IE *6wi-, strong, in Greek i:s, strength, listed under 3. wei-, 1. to go after some thing

¿O, BE SQUEEZED, HELD TIGHTLY, FORCED, PRESSED OUT; Sumerian i-3, ia-3, *be pressed out, run, sweat (J. 456 reads i-3, ia-3, and means 'be pressed out, run, sweat')

¿O-?A (+ stative), BE HOLDING ONE'S SELF TIGHTLY, BE EXCITED; IE ya:-, yo:- , be excited, therefore punish, revenge, also speak excitedly, swear, praise




¿O-?A-RO (+ high degree), BE HOLDING ONE'S SELF VERY TIGHTLY, BE VERY EXCITED; Egyptian hr(w), pleasing, be pleased, satisfied, content, be quiet, at peace (the nuance should be 'happily excited`); Sumerian ul(u), bind, yoke, full strength, be happy (J. 786 depicts bull's head lowered to attack); IE yo:-ro-s, violent, listed under ya:-, yo:-, be excited, therefore punish, revenge, also speak excitedly, swear, praise




¿O-?A, BE FORCED, BROUGHT LOW; IE ya:-, yo:- , be excited, therefore punish, revenge, also speak excitedly, swear, praise; Sumerian u, throw down (J. 750 reads u, and means 'throw down'); Basque jo, hit, strike, beat




¿O-?A-SA (+ sinew), GIRD; IE yo:(s)-, gird




¿O-FA, HOLD TOGETHER, HOLD CLOSE; Sumerian u-8, stall (J. 849); IE 2. yeu- (for *you-), bind together




¿O-FA-NA (+ one), BINDING MATERIAL; IE yeun- in Old Indian yu:na, rope, string (hold)




¿O-FA-NO (+ store), COLUMN; IE yeun- in Old Indian yu:na, rope, string (hold); Sumerian un, *column (J. 578: a unrecorded meaning but the sign consists of a house and tree)




¿O-FA-NO-¿E (+ -like), MEETING PLACE; IE yeu-ni- or you-ni-, appointed place, right way; Sumerian unu-6, place (of appointment?) (Comb. 2504 = J. 680 (te, bind) + J. 391 (unu, reed hut)




¿O-FA-NO-¿E, RESIDENCE; IE yeu-ni- or you-ni-, appointed place, right way, *residence (cf. Old Indian yó:ni-, residence)




¿O-FA-NO-¿E, REED (SUPPORTING COMPONENT); IE yoi-ni- (for *you-ni; cf. Latin iuncus, reed), reed; Sumerian *un(i), reed (Comb. 1164 = 2x J. 273 [tur-tur, columns?: cf. Egyptian '3j, column, pillar; IE in Old Indian dháritar, holder, listed under 2. dher-, dher6-, hold, firmly hold, support])




¿O-FA-NO-FA (+ set), COLUMNS, RESIDENCE; Sumerian unu, reed hut (J. 391); unu-4, home (J. 578)




¿O-FA-NO, LORD (OF THE RESIDENCE); Basque jaun, lord; Sumerian un, *lord, king (J. 578: a unrecorded meaning of column(s), court, since the sign consists of a house and tree; a meaning of 'king` is recorded)




¿O-FA-NO, STORE




¿O-FA-NO-¿E (+ -like), STOREHOUSE; Sumerian unu, *granary (J. 391); unu-2, *granary (J. 680 [foundation] + J. 391); IE you-ni-, appointed place, right path, listed under yeu-ni-




¿O-FA-NO-¿E, HOUSE; unu-5, house (J. 222); unu-6, *house (J. 680 [foundation] + J. 222)




¿O-FA-NO-¿E, STOREHOUSE MANAGER; unu-7, priest (storehouse manager) (J. 632)




¿O-FA-QE (+ adhere), HOLD TOGETHER; IE yeu-(n)g(^)-, bind, listed under 2. yeu-, bind; Arabic ¿âqa, impede, delay, hinder anyone from




¿O-FA-SA, YOKE; Basque uztartu, yoke




¿O-NHA (+ ingressive), STOP; Egyptian hn, halt, cease; Sumerian ul-2, not (J. 119); IE ol- (for *ole-), destroy, spoil??, listed under 5. el-; ol-(e)-, destroy




¿O-P?O (+ cheek), SWALLOW (TRANSITIVE); Arabic ¿abba/ya¿ubbu, gulp, swallow water in one draft




¿O-PHA (+ diminutive), SWALLOW; Arabic, ta¿âffa (¿ff), take medicines




¿O-RE (+ make), HOLD CLOSE, BE PRESENT; Egyptian h3, grasp




¿O-RE, BE STEERED




¿O-RE, REIN; Sumerian uri, rein (Comb. 2352: (GIS`) + J. 661, uri + J. 812, ki/e)




¿O-RE, THINGS PRESENT, CURRENT TIME, YEAR; IE yo:ro- (for *yore), year, summer, *time (cf. Greek ho:ra, season, time of day, hour, proper time, and ho:ros, time, year), listed incorrectly under 1. ei-, go, etc.)




¿O-RE-FA (+ set), THINGS PRESENT: ACTIVITY (AFFAIRS) - PEOPLE (FAMILY) - LOCATION (VICINITY) - TIME (CURRENT) - OBJECTS (POSSESSIONS) - FACTS (CIRCUMSTANCES); Egyptian h3.w, time (present), lifetime, neighborhood,, environment, belongings, circumstances, affairs, kindred

¿O, SQUEEZE

¿O, OIL; Sumerian i-3, fat (J. 456)

¿O-?A (+ plant), OIL; Sumerian ia-3 (for *iá:' – cf. the Akkadian reading ia'u in Jaritz), fat, oil (J. 456)




¿O-?A-FA (+ set), OIL-PRESSINGS, OIL; Sumerian ia-3, fat, oil, *press out (J. 456); IE yeu- (for *you- - cf. yo/o:(u)s-, yu:s-, broth), mix, *fat, *oil, *press out (cf. Old Irish ith, fat); Chinese yóu, oil, fat, grease




¿oF-?A-FA-¿E (+ -like), OILY; Chinese yú, fat, plump

?O, (MAGICALLY) STRONG

¿O-MHA (+ ceaselessly energetic), FORCE; IE om6-, proceed energetically; and therefrom, insist firmly upon, make fast = affirm with an oath, and set upon, torture, harm, *strong (cf. Avestan ama-, strong)




¿O-T?A (+ give), RESIST; Egyptian hd, attack, punish, dismiss, obstruct, prevail over; IE 2. od-, antagonism, hatred

GRAMMATICAL

ADPOSITIONAL

¿O, TO UNDER, DOWN TO (PREVERB); IE e/e:, o/o:, adnominal and adverbial particle, approximately 'near by, together with' outside of Aryan and partially even in it fading in meaning, in Germanic arriving at the sense of 'under, after, behind to, back, again, away'

¿O, NECESSITY, OBLIGATION, SUBJUNCTIVE; IE subjunctive suffix -yo; causative suffix -yo

¿O, PROSPECTIVE, Sumerian u-3, prospective prefix (J. 805)

¿O, RELATIVE; IE yo-, who, which, listed incorrectly under 3. e-, the, he; Sumerian i-3 or ia-3, normal prefix of verbal forms (J. 456); Akkadian i-, prefix of verbal forms; Arabic ya-, prefix of imperfective verbs (cf. also ?ayyu, which of)

¿O, OBJECT

FA, PALM, FINGER; (secondary) Egyptian *w, *palm (Egyptian M42, 'flower', really 'leaf'); Sumerian u, finger, hand (for *palm) (J. 750)

FA, NAVEL

FA, FLACCID PENIS (POSSIBLY FORESKIN [ROUND DEPRESSION]); Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) wa, man, father, husband, person

FA-¿E, PENILE




FA-¿E-SE (+ emit), SMELL SOURLY; IE 3. weis-, liquify, flow, also of animal semen, especially of the dampness and odor of decaying plants, impure liquids, poison, *stink (cf. wiso-, stink) - note Armenian ge:š, carrion




FA-¿E-SE, WEASEL; Egyptian *wz, *weasel, then jackal (Egyptian F12, 'head and neck of canine animal' - this depiction of a long-necked animal with prominent ears is Egyptian *wz, *ear (FO-¿E-SO-¿E), cognate with Sumerian J. 688, *g~²iš, (pair of) ears (SEE FO-¿E-SO-FA-¿E), 'a long-necked animal with prominent ears', the weasel, name transferred to jackal, pole cat, and other strong-smelling animals); Sumerian *g~²iš(i), weasel (v. supra) (J. 688 is rendered by the Akkadians as gi-eš and el-ta-nu - this latter should be connected with IE el6-to-, polecat, listed incorrectly under 1. el-, red, brown - should be listed under 3. el-, be musty, spoil(?); IE 3. weis-, *stink, *polecat (cf. wiso-, stink, and Germanic *wis(j)o:, polecat), etc.




FA-¿E-SE, URINATE; Egyptian wz(š), urinate; Sumerian g~²iš-3, ejaculate (J. 424); IE weis- (for *wais-), flow




FA-¿E-SE, PENIS; Sumerian g~²iš-3, penis, pubic region (J. 424)




FA-XE (+ extend out), EXCRETE; Egyptian w(z)š, urinate, pass fluid; Sumerian uš-4, *excrement (J. 893 reads uš-4, and means 'excrement'); IE wegw- (for *wagwh-), wet, moisten (cf. Middle Irish fu:al, urine); Basque behi, cow (for *bahi?)




FA-XE, PENIS; Sumerian uš, penis (J. 424)

-FA, (MASCULINE); Egyptian -w; Sumerian -a; IE -o, masculine termination; -o, nomina agentis

PLANT

FA, LEAF; Sumerian u-2, leaves, plant (J. 593)

FA-¿E (+ -like), LEAF-LIKE, GREEN




FA-¿E-RA, GREENERY; Sumerian g~²ir, g~²ir-4, g~²ir-8, g~²ir-12, fruit plantation, sprout, sprout, straw (J. 634, 773, 834, 277)




FA-¿E-RA-¿E (+ -like), GREEN




FA-¿E-RA-¿E-T?SA (+ experience), FRESH




FA-¿E-RA-¿E-T?SA-¿E (+ -like), FRESH, GREEN; Egyptian w3D, green (Coptic ouo:t; ouotouet); IE *wiridi-, green, in Latin viridis, green; Basque urdin, blue




FA-HA (+ stative), FRAGILE, WEAK

FA-HA-¿E, FRAGILE, WEAK; Egyptian *wj, *weak (Egyptian E9, 'newborn bubalis or hartebeest', *wj for current reading of jw); Sumerian ûae, *weak (J. 805 reads ûae, and means 'weak'); IE wa/a:i-, weak, suffering; Chinese wá, baby, child, newborn animal; Arabic wahâ, be weak

FA, GREEN; Chinese wā, frog (green?)

FA-RHA (+ color), GREEN; IE possibly in wa:-r- (Latin varius, multi-colored), listed mistakenly under 2. wa:-, apart




FA-RA-T?SA (+ body), PAPYRUS; Egyptian w3D, papyrus-plant (Egyptian M13, 'stem of papyrus')




FA-RA-T?SE (+ extend), GROW; IE werdh-, grow, climb, high (Note: Greek orthagorískos, suckling pig); Arabic warada, blossom; Egyptian w3D, flourish; Basque urde, male pig




FA-RA-T?SE-¿E (+ -like), ROOT; IE w(e)ra:d- (for *wra:dhi- - cf. Greek hrádza, root), branch, rod, root




FA-T?O (+ lump), PLANT; Sumerian ud-2, plant (J. 636)

FA, CIRCLE

FA-¿E (+ like), CIRCULAR




FA-¿E-¿E (+ -like), BEING MADE CIRCULAR; Sumerian g~²i/e-16, bind, trap, sling, bow (J. 110); IE *wyai- Sanskrit vyáyati, winds, wraps, covers (listed under 1. wei-, turn, bend)




FA-¿E-NA (+ one), VINE; IE wein- (for *wayin- - cf. Greek oinás, vine, grape, wine), listed under 1. wei-, turn, bend




FA-¿E-NHA (+ ingressive), BEING WRAPPED; Sumerian g~²il, wrap, wrap up (J. 110); IE *wyali- in Lithuanian vielióti, wrap




FA-¿E-P?A (+ diminutive), BE MOVED IN LITTLE CIRCLES, CONFUSED, WOBBLE; Sumerian g~ib, wrap, confuse (J. 110); IE weip-, weib-, turn, be turning one's self, move with a swing




FA-¿E-P?A-RE (+ make), BE APPLIED WITH A CIRCULAR MOTION, DRILL; Sumerian g~iburu (for *g~ibar), *bore into (J. 750 reads giburu(m), and means 'bore into`); IE *weibre- in Latin vibro:, set into trembling, swinging motion (listed under 2. weib- under weip-, weib-, turn, be turning one's self, move with a swing




FA-¿E-PHA (+ diminutive), MOVE ONE'S SELF IN LITTLE CIRCLES, VIBRATE; IE weip-, weib-, turn, be turning one's self, move with a swing




FA-¿E-SE (+ separate), BE DISPERSING, SPREADING OUT OVER; IE 1. wes- (for alternative *wais-; cf. Greek histíe:, fireplace, and others), stay, dwell, stay overnight; Sumerian giš-3, lie close by (J. 424 reads giš-3, and means 'lie close by'); Basque bizi, live

-FA, (FORMER OF NUMERALS)

FA, NUMBER, MARK CONSTITUTING A QUANTITY, COMPLETE, NOT DISCRETELY COUNTABLE

FA-¿E (+ -like), BE COUNTING; Sumerian u (for *ü), count (J. 750)




SA-FA (strong +); Sumerian šu-2, totality (J. 908), but through confusion, oftenest written with šu, hand (J. 651); many compounds of šu with verbs are not reasonably interpreted if šu means 'hand'

GRAMMATICAL

-FA, (INANIMATE DEFINITE SMALL PLURAL), SET; Egyptian -.w, masculine plural; IE -u in nominative, accusative, and vocative masculine and feminine dual of o-stems; IE -u in -u: of u-stems; IE -6 of consonantal stems; IE in -ous (genitive dual)

-FA-¿E (+ -like), (DUAL); Egyptian -.wj, dual termination; Sumerian -g~²i in ig~²i, pair of eyes; IE -ai (for *-a(w)i) in nominative, accusative, and vocative dual of a:-stems




FA-¿E, PAIR, TWO; IE 1. wi/i:-, two; Basque bi, two




FA-¿E, (ADMIRATIVE); Egyptian -wj, how ... !

-FA, (PASSIVE PERFECTIVE - Stem VIII)

-FA, (PERFECTIVE} PARTICIPLE); Egyptian -w, perfective participle; in Sumerian, it can be seen only indirectly, as in ME-FA, name, from ME, be announcing (mu, name, J. 102); in Indo-European -'ú in tNn-ú-s, stretched, thin, from ten-, stretch out, lengthen (Brugmann 1972: II, 312-18)

¿E-FA, (FUTURE PASSIVE PARTICIPLE); IE -yo, future passive participle

FA, FORMANT OF COLOR AND OTHER QUALITY ADJECTIVES

FA, INANIMATE FREQUENTATIVE/ITERATIVE (DO REPEATEDLY [TO COMPLETION])

-FA, NOMINAL TOPICAL

FA, ROUND

FA-¿E, SEPARATED (INTO A PAIR); IE 2. wi/i:-, apart, in two, asunder




FA-¿E-T?SE (+ pluck), SEPARATE, SEVER (IN TWO); (Egyptian Aa21, 'carpenter's tool?', rather a 'strand of cloth {cf. S27} over a V-shaped cutting blade'); Egyptian in wD('), sever; Sumerian gaz/s/š (for *g~²az), divide (J. 381); IE weidh-, widh-, separate




FA-¿E-T?SE-FA (+ perfective participle), SEPARATED; IE widhewo-s, separated, listed under weidh-, widh-, separate




FA-¿E-T?SE-FA-HA (+ female), WIDOW; IE widhewa:, widow, listed under weidh-, widh-, separate




FA-¿E-T?SE, KEEP APART, JUDGE; Egyptian wD('), judge, open (door), discern, assign; Sumerian gat-2 (for *g~²at), separate (J. 104)




FA-¿E-T?SE-THO (+ feminine), DIVORCEE; Egyptian wD(').t, divorced woman




FA-¿E-SO (+ pull), BE SEPARATED, TORN ASUNDER; Egyptian ws (for *wjs - cf. Coptic oueise), saw (apart), harvest (pull off); Sumerian giš (for *g~²is), *separate (J. 561 reads giš, and means 'plow'); gaz/s/š (for *g~²as), break apart (J. 381); IE 4. wes- (for *wais- - cf. Sanskrit va:sayati, cut off {aorist: avīsat}; Old Irish fennaid, flays), pierce? (rather *tear apart); 2. wes- (for *wais-), feast, be removed




FA-NA (+ one), (ROUND) PUNCTURE, WOUND; Egyptian wn, open, open up (quarry), rip open; IE wen- (for *wan-), beat, wound




FA-SO (+ pull), BE SEPARATED, TORN ASUNDER; IE 2. wes- (for *was-), feast, be removed, *pasture (cf. Hittite weši, pasture); Basque bazka, food, fodder, pasture (-ka, manner, progressive action)




FA-SHA (+ immobile), BE DISPERSING, SPREADING OUT OVER; Sumerian uš, lie close by (J. 424 reads uš, and means 'lie close by'); IE 1. wes-, stay, dwell, stay overnight

FA, BIRD'S NEST, EGG, NESTLING, BIRD; Egyptian w, *egg (Egyptian G43, 'quail chick', rather 'chick recently hatched from egg'); Sumerian u-5, bird (J. 123) {1}; Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) wa, bird, feather; ?u (if ?- is a prefix), egg, sit on eggs

FA-¿E (+ -like), EGGLIKE, EGG, BIRD




HA-FA-¿E (air +), BIRD, EAGLE; IE a(:)wei-, bird, *eagle (cf. Greek aietós, eagle); Sumerian hu (for *hü from *hwê), bird (J. 122)




HA-FA-¿E, BIRD, EGG; Sumerian hi, *egg (J. 715 reads hi, and means 'egg' - hi from *hwi); IE in o(w)y-om, egg

FA, FLATLY CIRCULAR (DEPRESSION)

FA, (FORMER OF BIRD NAMES); IE -u/w in a number of bird names like English daw or mew

BODY

FE, MUSCLE, STRENGTH (inanimate: literally, 'what is moved from a circle' [unwound])

FE-NA (+ one), BUTTOCK


FE-NA-T?SA(-FA) (+ body), BUTTOCK(S)




FE-NA-T?SA-FA-RO (+ part), SEAT; IE wendhur- in Old Indian vandhúra, wagon-seat, listed under wendh-, turn, etc.




FE-NO (+ stomach), ABDOMEN; *wen-, *diaphragm, in Latin venter, stomach, listed incorrectly under udero-, stomach




FE-NO-T?A(-FA) (+ side), HAUNCH(ES); *wend(u)-, *haunch(es), in Latin venter, stomach; Basque ondo, side




FE-NO-T?A-RO-¿E (+ part), STOMACH; IE *wendri- in Latin venter (ventris), stomach, listed incorrectly under udero-, stomach




FE-NO-T?SA, PAUNCH




FE-NO-T?SA-¿E (+ -like), (SHIP'S) HOLD; Basque ontzi, container, boat, ship




FE-NO-TS?A-FA(-THO) (+ set), (SHIP'S) HOLDS; Egyptian in wnD.w.t, 'depressions, ship's hold(s)'




FE-¿E (+ -like), MUSCULAR, ENERGETIC; IE 3. wei-, a. set about something, on the one side, go, stay on a straight course, way, low, on the other side, go after something, strive for, chase after, long for, want to; b. be strong; Chinese wēi, impressive strength




FE-¿E-RO (+ high degree), VERY STRONG, HERO, ADULT MALE; Egyptian wr, chief, great one, magnate, ruler (of a foreign land); Sumerian g~²il-2, *strong (J. 834 reads gil-2, and means 'powerful, strong, great'); IE wi/i:ro-s, man, really 'the strong one', *hero; Arabic wâlin, ruler




FE-¿E-SHA (+ state), STRENGTH; Egyptian wz(r), strong, powerful, wealthy, influential; Sumerian g~iš (for *g~²is), power (J. 561); IE wi:s- (for *weyas - cf. Sanskrit váyas-, vitality, youthful strength, time of youth), strength, listed under 3. wei-, a. set about something, etc.




FE-¿E-SHA-RO (+ high degree), VERY STRONG; Egyptian wzr, strong, powerful, wealthy, influential; IE *wis-ro-, *very energetic, in Greek hi:erós, quick, fast, listed under 3. wei-, a. set about something, etc.




FE-NA (+ one), OVERCOME; IE 1. wen- originally 'strive', wherefrom 'wish, love, be content', and 'earn, take pains', perfective 'reach, win, triumph'




FE-NA-¿E-¿E(-THO-¿E) (+ derivative), VICTORY; Egyptian wn.jj.tj, victor




FE-NA-P?A (+ piece), TROPHY; Egyptian wnp.w, victory

FE, UNWIND

FE-K?E (+ split open), BE WAKEFUL, VIGILANT, ALERT; IE weg^-, weg^e:-, fresh, be strong, wog^-ro-s, powerful (for *weg^e:- - cf. Old Indian va:ja-, power, speed, competition, prize




FE-K?E-¿E (+like), WATCH; IE weg^-, weg^e:-, fresh, be strong, wog^-ro-s, powerful (for *weg^e:i- - cf. Latin vigil, watch, watchman); Chinese wáng, king, monarch; Basque begi, eye; begira, look

VEGETABLE

FE, VINE, TENDRIL, TUBULARLY ROUND

GRAMMATICAL

FE, AGENTIVE; Egyptian -w, agentive

BODY

FO, EAR, CIRCULAR BORDER OF A DEPRESSION/HOLE; Sumerian dialectal wa, *ear (J. 688 reads wa, and means 'ear')

FO, CURL, SURROUND, POSSIBLY FORESKIN, WILT (inanimate: literally, 'what is moved to a circle')

FO-¿E (+ -like), CURLY; IE 1. wei- (for *woi- - cf. woi-twa:, what is turned, sapling, etc.), wey6- : wi/i:-, turn, bend; Chinese wāi, askew, crooked, inclined, slanting, devious, underhand, crooked, awry (of the mouth)




FO-¿E, SHEEP; Sumerian u-10, sheep (J. 902)




FO-¿E-THO (+ assemble), SHEEP HERD




FO-¿E-THO-RO (+ adult), (LEAD) RAM; IE *woiter- in Old High German widar, ram, listed incorrectly under wet-, year




FO-¿E-KHXA-?E (+ stick), SHEEP-FOLD, SETTLEMENT; IE woik^o-, house, settlement, listed under weik^-, wik^-




FO-¿E-KHXA-¿E-THO (+ assemble), SETTLEMENT; Egyptian wH.t, village




FO-¿E (+ -like), WOOL; Sumerian u-15, wool (J. 901)




FO-¿E-FA (+ set), WOOLEN GOODS; Sumerian ua-3, wool (J. 901)




FO-¿E, BE CURLING (TRANSITIVE); IE 1. wei- (for *woi- - cf. woi-twa:, what is turned, sapling, etc.), wey6- : wi/i:-, turn, bend; Chinese wâi, rugged (mountain path), sprain, twist




FO-FA (+ set), CURLY COAT




FO-FA-¿E (+ -like), CURLY, SHEEP; Sumerian u-10, sheep (J. 902); IE ówi-s (for *wowi-s), sheep




FO-FA, SHEEP; Sumerian ua-2, sheep (J. 902)




FO-FA-T?SE (+ teat), (SHEEP'S) TEAT; IE e:udh- (for *wo:udh-), udder




FO-FA-T?SE-K?XE (+ strip), BE WEANED; Egyptian wDH, wean




FO-FA-T?SE-RO (+ part), (SHEEP'S) UDDER; Sumerian udul-7 (for *utelu from *uzelu), *udder (J. 273 means 'mammary glands`, and reads udul-7); IE *wo:udher-, *udder, in English udder, listed under e:udh-, udder




FO-HA (+ female), EWE; Sumerian u-8, ewe (J. 849); ua, ewe (J. 849)




FO-HA, WETHER; Sumerian ua-4, wether (J. 894 = J. 834, ball + J. 560, stick, indicating method of emasculation)




FO-K?O-¿E (+ rope), SNARE; Egyptian *wH (for wTj), *snare (Egyptian P4, 'fisherman's boat with net' - usually read wH'); Sumerian ugu, *snare (J. 731 reads ugu, and is supposed to be a variant form of J. 725, which portrays a fish in a basket-net, and reads — among others — ugab; J. 727 = J. 725 + J. 169 (net), and is interpreted as 'fishing-net'; Comb. 2848 = J. 725 + J. 832 (hang) means 'noose` among others); IE weg- (for *wo:gi-), weave, knot, fabric, web, *snare (cf. Old Indian va:gurá:, snare, snaring net, net, and Anglo-Saxon wo:cig, noose, snare); Chinese wâng, net, network, catch with a net, net, cover or enclose as with a net




FO-K?O-¿E-T?SO (+ hold), SNARER; Egyptian wH', fisher, fowler




FO-NA, FLOWER(-PETAL); Egyptian wn, *flower (Egyptian M42, 'flower?')




FO-NA-¿E (+ -like), LOVELY; IE 1. wen- (for *weni-; cf. OHG wini, friend), originally 'strive', wherefrom 'wish, love, be content', and 'earn, take pains', perfective 'reach, win, triumph; Egyptian in 'š3.t r wn(j).w, multitude of *beauties, epithet of the Red Crown; wn(j) jnw X.t, *loveliness of body, as a good characteristic of a person; wn(j), *friend (designation of a person, by "messenger"); Basque on, good




FO-NA-P?FO (+ leg), FLOWER-STALK; Egyptian wnb, flower




FO-NA, OCCUPY; IE 1. wen-, originally 'strive', where from 'wish, love, be content', and 'earn, take pains', perfective 'reach, win, triumph', *occupy (cf. OHG wone:n, reside); Egyptian wn, be, be present)




FO-NHA (+ move back and forth), TURN, OPEN; IE 7. wel-, turn, wind, revolve; Egyptian wn, open; Sumerian g~al-2, open (J. 126)




FO-NHA-¿E (+ -like), BEING TURNED; IE w(e)lei- (for *w6le:i-), turn, wind, roll, listed under 7. wel-




FO-NHA-¿E, CHOOSE; IE wle:(i)- (for *w6le:i-), want, choose, listed under 2. wel-




FO-NHE (+ little), SHEEP; Tibetan bal, wool




FO-NHE-NA (+ one), WOOL; IE wL:-na in wL:-na:, wool, listed under 4. wel-, wel6-, in words for 'hair, wool', also 'grass, head (of grass), woods'




FO-NHE-NA-FA (+ set), WOOLEN GOODS; Sumerian unu-3 (for *ulnu [?]), *woolen goods (Comb. J. 759 {cattle} + J. 893 {clothes})




FO-NHE-NA-HHA (+ all), HEAP OF WOOL; IE wL:-na:, wool, listed under 4. wel-, wel6-, in words for 'hair, wool', also 'grass, head (of grass), woods'




FO-NHE-PHA-¿E (+ bite), JACKAL; Sumerian lib/p (for *ulbi), *jackal (J. 657 reads lib/p, and has other readings meaning 'fox' [puh], 'wild dog' [ka-5], 'lion' [lu-5], 'wild boar' [lul], 'jackal' [še-11], 'weasel' [ñar] and [ka-5 for ka-6], and 'fox' [lub/p]); IE wl̊p- (for *wl̊pi- - cf. Avestan raopi-s, fox, jackal), lup-, in names for predatory animals, especially from the canine family (fox, jackal, wolf), an old e:-root (this entry mixes words for FOX derived from HHA-NHO-PHE, the source of the 'e:-root'); in Anglo-Saxon wulf, wolf, listed incorrectly under wl̊kwos, wolf




FO-NHE-XHA(-¿E) (+ strangle), WOLF; Egyptian wnš, jackal; Sumerian lig/k/q (for *ulhi), dog (*wolf), (J. 945); IE wLkwos (for *wLkwi- - cf. Old Prussian wilkis, wolf, and the Greek place-name Oulkínion), wolf; Chinese láng, wolf




FO-THO (+ assemblage), SHEEP HERD; Sumerian udu, sheep (J. 894)




FO-THO-HA (+ female), WETHER; Sumerian utua-2 (for *udua), wether (J. 551)




FO-THO-RO (+ adult), SHEPHERD; Sumerian ud/tul-3 (*udul), shepherd (J. 551)




FO-THO-RO, HERDER; Sumerian udul-5, cowherd (J. 546); ud/tul-6 (for *udul), herder (J. 544) - the term for 'shepherd' has been generalized




FO-THO-FE (+ male), SHEPHERD; Sumerian utua (for *udua), herder (shepherd) (J. 544)

FO-T?SE (+ finger), TAIL; IE in wedhel-, tail, listed incorrectly under 10. a(w)e-, blow, etc.

FO-T?SE, WAG

FO-T?SE-FE (+ agentive), WAGGER, WOLF; Basque otso, wolf




FO-T?SE-NHA (+ ingressve), START TO WAG; IE wedhel- in OHG wadalo:n, go back and forth, listed incorrectly under 10. a(w)e-, blow, etc.

FO, CURL (LOCK, TRESS) OF WOOL

FO, HEAR

FO-¿E (+ -like), BE HEARING




FO-¿E ( -like), EAR; Sumerian dialectal wi, *ear (J. 688 reads wi, and means 'ear')




FO-¿E-SO(-¿E) (+ skin), EAR; Egyptian *wz, ear (Egyptian F12, 'head and neck of canine animal' - this depiction of a long-necked animal with prominent ears is the same as Sumerian J. 688, *g~iš, ear (SEE FO-¿E-SO-FA-¿E), 'a long-necked animal with prominent ears', the weasel, name transferred to jackal, polecat, and other strong-smelling animals, properly FA-¿E-SE-HHA; IE us- (for *6o(w)isi-), ear, listed under 2. o:us-




FO-¿E-SO-FA(-¿E) (+ set), (PAIR OF) EARS; Sumerian *g~iš (for *g~iši), ear (J. 688 has an Akkadian reading of gi/eš, and means 'ear' - J. 688 is confirmed to read geš/du(g), ear - g~iš is a component of g~eštu-2, ear (Comb. 1671 = J. 561, giš + J. 893, ši-4 + J. 688, ear), and g~eštu-3, understanding (Comb. 1663 = J. 561, giš + J. 688, ear + J. 893, ši-4), and giš-ni, understanding, hearing (Comb. 1655 = J. 561, giš + J. 456, ni); Emesal *muš, *ear (in mu-us-tug-2 (PI), ear, corresponding to g~ešt/du(g)/-2/3, ear); IE 6usi-s (for *6(w)iswi-), ear, listed under 2. o:us-




FO-¿E-SO-NA (+ one), EAR; IE 6usen-, ear, listed under 2. o:us-, ear




FO-¿E-SO-NA-¿E (+ -like), BE HEARING; Sumerian giš-ni, understanding, hearing (Comb. 1655 = J. 561, giš + J. 456, ni)




FO-¿E-SO-RO (+ part), OAR; IE *6(w)isir-, *oar, in Old English a:r, oar




FO-¿E-SO-RO(-FA), OARS; Egyptian wzr.w, oar(s)




FO-¿E-T?A (+ give), HEAR, KNOW (HAVE HEARD);IE woid-a-, have seen (for heard), know, listed under 2. w(e)di-, catch sight of, see




FO-¿E-T?A-¿E (+ -like), INFORM, COMMAND; Egyptian wD, (for *wdj), command; IE *weidi- in Tocharian B watk-, command, and Greek a(w)oidé:, song, and audáo:. shout, speak, listed under 6. aw-, awed-, speak




FO-RE (+ apply), LISTEN; Egyptian w3, plan; in w3w3, ponder; IE 8. wer-, perceive, pay attention; Arabic wara?a/yaura?u in mâ wuri?tu, I was not aware

GRAMMATICAL

FO, I (FIRST PERSON SINGULAR [POLITE]); Egyptian in w(j), I, me; in Old Perfective 1st p. pl. -wn; Sumerian g~a-2(-e), I (1st p. sing.) ; IE 1. we/e:-, we (dual), wei- (plural) (for *wo/o:- and *woi-) ; in thematic 1st p. sing. present -o: (for *-wo:); Chinese wô, I, we

FO, THOU, YOU (SECOND PERSON SINGULAR); IE in oblique cases of 1. yu-, you [plural], we/e:s, wo/o:s

FHA, WOLF, PREDATOR (animate: literally, 'who is in movement in a circle'); Sumerian u-5, dog (J. 123); Tibeto-Burman in wan, jackal, wolf, dhole, wild dog

FHA-¿E (+ -like), WOLFLIKE; Egyptian jw (for *wj), dog

KHE-FHA (grey +), WILD DOG; Sumerian ka-5, *wild dog (J. 657 reads ka-5, and has other readings meaning 'fox' [lub/p] and [puh], 'lion' [lu-5], 'wild boar' [lul], 'jackal' [še-11], 'weasel' [ñar] and [ka-5 for ka-6], and 'dog' [lib/p {for *klip}] - it means 'pest'); IE k^wo:- in Cornish ki, dog, listed under k^won-, dog

KHE-FHA-¿E (+ -like), CANINE; Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) in k^wɢy, dog




KHE-FHA-NA (+ one), WILD DOG; IE k^won-, dog




KHE-FHA-NHA (+ ingressive), BARK; IE k^^wel-, bark, listed under 6.kel-, make noise




KHE-FHA-NA-¿O (+ causative), TREAT LIKE A DOG, DEBASE; IE *k^e:wa:ni- in Gothic haunjan, debase, listed under kau-, debase, humble




KHE-FHA-NA-THO (+ assemblage), PACK OF WILD DOGS; IE k^won-to-, *pack of wild dogs, listed under k^won-, dog

ANIMATE NATURE

FHA, WIND

FHA-NA (+ one), EMPTY; IE (a)wān-, empty, in Latin va:nus, empty, inconsequential; Egyptian in wn.t, neglect; wn, fault; wn, be stripped off; wnjj.t, baldness; Sumerian un-2, take away (J. 750 reads un-2, and means 'take away, hole, hollow, hollow out); Arabic in wanâ, to be weak, lacking




HA-FHA (air +), WIND(S), STORM; Sumerian ug~-4, storm (J. 684); Greek -a:é:s, -blowing, listed under 10. aw(e)-, sigh, blow, exhale




HA-FHA-THO (+ assemblage), WINDINESS; Sumerian ud/t/T, storm (J. 684); IE awe:t- in Greek aé:te:s, gale, listed under 10. aw(e)-, sigh, blow, exhale




FHA-¿E (+ voice), HOWL; in Arabic wa¿wa¿a, howl, yelp, bark, bay




SA-FHA (strong +), BE SWEEPING OVER; IE swe:-, listed under swe/e:(i)-, bend, turn, swing; Chinese sāo, pass quickly along or over, sweep, sweep, clear away, put all together




SA-FHA-¿E (+ -like), BE SWEEPING OVER SOMETHING; IE swe/e:(i)- (for *swa:i-), bend, turn, swing; Chinese sào in sàozhou, broom




VERBAL - AFFECTIVE

FHA-¿E-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO WAIL; IE wai-l-, wail (cf. Old Icelandic veila, cry), listed under wai-, interjection, woe!




FHA-¿E-NHA, WOLF; IE wai-lo-s, wolf, listed under wai-, interjection, woe!




FHA-¿E (+ -like), WOE; Sumerian g~²i/e-3, *woe (J. 831 reads g~i/e-3, and means 'woe'); IE wai, interjection, woe!; Basque oi, exclamation of surprise and pain




KHE-FHA, HOWL; IE kawa: (for *k^e:wa:-), howl, listed under ka/a:u-, howl




KHE-FHA-¿O (+ causative), MAKE INTO A DOG, HUMBLE; IE kau- (for *k^e:wa:i-), debase, humble




KHE-FHA-RHE (+ come), COWER; IE *k^e:wa:r- in Middle High German hu:ren, cower, listed under kau- (for k^e:wa:-), lower, humble




FHA-RE (+ make), HOWL; IE 6. wer-, say ceremoniously, speak; Chinese fèi, bark, yap




FHA-RE (+ scratch), RIP OPEN; IE 7. wer-, rip up, scratch; Basque urratu, scratch, tear, break

FHA, SURROUND, BE AROUND, BE ASSEMBLED IN A CIRCLE, ENCIRCLE

PREPOSITIONAL

FHA, AROUND; in IE w6g- : wa:g-, be bent, in Latin vagor, -a:ri, roam about, spread out

FHA-RE (+ make), PUT AROUND; Egyptian in w3.t, cord; in w3w3.t, cord; IE 1. wer-, bind, line up, hang up; also for weighing; therefore 'heavy; cord, rope'




FHA-RE-¿E (+ -like), CORDON; Sumerian uri-2, *cordon (J. 622 reads uri-3, and pictures a cordon)




FHA-RE-¿E, CLAN INSIGNIA/MEMBER (IDENTIFIED BY A CORDON); Sumerian uri-2, *(clan) brother (J. 622 reads uri-3, pictures a cordon, and means brother); *weri-, *clan-member(s), in Modern Welsh gwerin, people, mass, troop, listed under 1. wer-, bind, line up, hang up; also for weighing; therefore 'heavy; cord, rope'




FHA-RE-RO (+ part), DRAW-ROPE; Egyptian in w3r.t, draw-rope of clapnet

GRAMMATICAL

-FHA, (SMALL ANIMATE DEFINITE PLURAL), (HUNTING) PACK; Egyptian -w, masculine plural; IE V:u in nominative, accusative, and vocative masculine and feminine dual of o-stem (-o:u); Sumerian u-5, *mass (J. 123 reads u-5, and means 'mass')

-FHA, (ANIMATE FREQUENTATIVE), DO AGAIN

-FHA, (REFLEXIVE PERFECTIVE - Stem VII)

FHE, SPIDER (animate: literally, 'who moves himself from a circle'); Sumerian u-13 (for ü-x), spider (J. 717 reads u-13, and means 'insect, vermin, venom', and depicts a spider-web)

?A-FHE(-¿E) (grass +), WEAVE; Sumerian g~i/e-7, *weave (J. 893 reads g~i/e-7, and means 'clothing, cloth'); IE (a)we:y- in Sanskrit váyati, weaves, listed under 5. aw-, plait, weave; Chinese fú, clothes, dress; Basque in oi(h)aldu, weave, knit




FHE-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), WEB; Sumerian g~id/t/t*, *mat (J. 579 reads g~id/t/t*, and depicts a 'mat'); Egyptian wt, bandage (Egyptian V38, 'bandage')




FHE-P?FE, SHUTTLE; Sumerian ub-5, *copulate (J. 123 reads ub-5 (for *up-5), and means 'copulate'); IE webh- , move back and forth, flicker, team (swarm)




FHE-P?FE (+ animal name), SPIDER; IE *(a)wo:bh-, *spider, in Sanskrit ú:rn*a:-vábhi-, spider, and Old Icelandic kongurva:fa, spider, listed under webh-, weave, plait, fasten together




FHE-P?FE-¿E (+ -like), WORM; Sumerian ub-4 (for *up-4), *worm (J. 867 reads ub-4, and means 'worm'); IE *awo:-bhe:i-, *worm, in Anglo-Saxon wibba, horse-beetle, and OHG wibil, beetle, weevil, listed under webh-, move back and forth, flicker, team (swarm)




FHE-P?FE-¿O (+ causative), WEAVE; Sumerian ub/p-2, *weave (J. 893 reads ub/p-2, and means 'web (fabric), cloth, clothing'); IE (a)wo:bhey-, weave, in Greek huphaíno:, weave, and Old Icelandic vefja (*wobheyo:), wrap, listed under webh-, weave, plait, fasten together




FHE-P?FE-SHE (+ insect), WASP; IE in wobhsa:- (for *(a)wo:bhse:- - cf. Old Cornish guhi-en, wasp), wasp




FHE-T?SE (+ finger), (SHUTTLE FOR) WEAVING; Egyptian wD, *weave (Egyptian V24, 'cord wound on stick', really 'weaving shuttle'); IE (a)w-e/e:dh-, weave, listed under 5. aw-, plait, weave




FHE-SHE (+ insect), BUTTERFLY




FHE-SHE-RO (+ high degree), OSIRIS, MERCURY AS MORNING STAR; IE awes-, shine, *god(dess) of morning (cf. Breton gwere laouen, morning star; Germanic austro:, goddess of spring; Latin Auro:ra, dawn; Egyptian Wzr, Osiris; Akkadian Asâr, Asâl, god




FHE-K?XA (+ hair), YARN; IE weg-, weave, fasten, *yarn (cf. Old Indian va:gurá:, yarn)




FHE-K?XA, SPIN; IE weg-, weave, fasten




FHE-K?XA-MO (+ overall), SPUN COMPLETELY, MADE LARGE; IE (a)ug-mo- in Old Indian o:jmán-, strength, listed under aweg-, multiply, increase; Egyptian wHm, repeat




FHE-K?XA(-¿E), BE SPINNING, MAKING LARGER (YARN); IE wo:g-, multiply, increase, listed under aweg-; Sumerian Comb. 2549 ug-4(for *uk-4)-ke-4(for *ki-4), become large; Basque ugaldu, reproduce, multiply; ugari, abundant, copious; ugaritu, abound




FHE-K?XA-FA ( +past participle), SPUN, CLOTH; IE weg- (for wegw-; cf. Old Indian vāgurá:, yarn), weave, fasten); Sumerian uku-4, *cloth (J. 893 reads uku-4, and means cloth)

ANIMAL

FHE, SUN (AS SPIDER); Sumerian u-4, sun (J. 684)

FHE-T?SO (+ hold), WEAVER (SUN AS SPIDER), UTU; Sumerian Utu, Sun (J. 684); Utu-3, Sun (J. 822 - 'twenty', sacred number of the sun)




FHE-T?SO-THO (+ assemblage), CLOTHING; Sumerian uttu-3, *clothing (J. 580 reads uttu-3, and means 'sheepskin, fleece'); IE *awo:zto- (from *awo:dh-to) in Armenian z-gest, clothing, listed under 5. wes-, clothe




FHE-T?SO-THO-¿E (+ -like), CLOTHE, UTTU (SUMERIAN SUN-GODDESS OF WEAVING); Sumerian Uttu, Uttu, goddess of weaving (J. 14, god + J. 219, weave + J. 893, tu-9, clothes - we propose an unrecorded reading of *ut, weave (FHE-T?SO) for J. 219); Uttu-2, Uttu, goddess of weaving (J. 14, god + J. 580, uttu-3 - J. 580 reads uttu-3, and means 'sheepskin, fleece'); Uttu-4, Uttu, goddess of weaving (J. 14, god + J. 4, weaver's shuttle); Uttu-5, Uttu, goddess of weaving (J. 14, god + J. 424, male + J. 118, spear); IE *awo:zti- (from *awo:dh-ti-), *clothe, in Latin vestio:, clothe, listed under 5. wes-, clothe




SA-FHE (strong +), SUN, DAY; in Egyptian rzw, South(land) - (to the sun - ?A-RO SA-FHE); zw, day; in nzw(.t), king (NA SA-FHE, 'the sun'); IE *sa:u-, sun, in su:l-, sun; Sumerian su-3, light (J. 677 reads su-3, and means 'light')




?A-RO SA-FHE (to +), SOUTH(WARD); Egyptian r-zw, south(land)




SA-FHE-NA (+ one), SUN (INANIMATE FORM); IE swen-, sun, listed under IE sá:wel-, sun




SA-FHE-NA-THO (+ warmth), SOUTH; IE *sunt-, south, listed under sa:wel-, sun




SA-FHE-NHA, SUN; IE sá:wel-, sun




SA-FHE-NHA-¿E (+ -like), SUNLIKE; IE su:l- (for *su:li- cf. Sanskrit su:rya-, sun), listed under sa:wel-, sun; Chinese rì, sun




SA-FHE-NHA-¿E, BURN WITHOUT FLAME; IE 2. swel- (for *swoli- - cf. Greek aleeinós, hot), burn without flame, burn; Chinese rè, heat, hot




SA-FHE, HEAT; IE 4. seu-, boil, bake (cf. Old Persian ha:vaya:n, they bake); Arabic sû?â, hell-fire; Sumerian sig-3 (for *sag~-x), burn (indigestion), (J. 560; also reads sag-3 for *sag~-x); Basque su, fire, heat




SA-FHE-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO HEAT; IE 2. swel-, smoulder (burn without flame, burn; Basque suleze, hell, fiery pit




SA-FHE-RHA (+ color), ASH-GRAY, WHITISH, BLACK; IE in swordo-s, black, dirt-colored; Sumerian sar-4, *black (J. 677, sar-4 for *sur-x; the sign also reads su-3 and sud); Chinese sù, white; Basque zuri, white




SA-FHE-T?SA (+ body parts), BE BLACKENED; Sumerian sud (for *sût), *black (J. 677 reads sud, and means black); Arabic sûda, to be black




SA-FHE-THO (+ warmth), CATCH FIRE, PROVOKE; IE seu-t-, boil, be strongly moved, *provoke (cf. Russian šutít, joke), listed under 4. seu-; Basque sute, fire; sutan ipini, provoke, incite to anger

VERBAL - EFFECTIVE

FHE, BE ENLARGED

FHE-RE (+ make), ENLARGE; Egyptian w3, far; IE 9. wer-, far, broad; Sumerian ur-3, strong, lasting, (J. 496); Tibetan bar, intermediate space




FHE-RE-FA (+ past participle), ENLARGED; IE 9. wer- (for *werw-; cf. Old Indian urú-, far), far, broad; Basque urrun, far, distant

ANIMAL

FHO, HARE (animate: literally, 'who moves himself (in)to a circle' (burrow)

FHO-¿E, TREMBLING, WEARY; Chinese fá, tired, weary




FHO-¿E (+ like), SWIFT




FHO-¿E-RO (+ high degree), VERY SWIFT (BIRD); Egyptian *wr, swallow (really *swift) (Egyptian G36, 'swallow or martin (one of the Hirundidae. Note the swallow-tail.')




FHO-NA (+ one), HARE; IE *wen- in Old Indian vana:khu-, hare (not 'forest-mouse' but 'hare-hole-digger (cf. á:kha-, pitfall); Egyptian wn, *hare (Gardiner: E34, 'desert hare'); Basque in untxi, rabbit (un, *hare + -txi, diminutive)




FHO-NA-¿E (+ -like), HURRY; IE in swento-; cf. Old Icelandic svinnr, fast (with *s-mobile), quick, ready, healthy; Egyptian wnj, hurry (the oldest form of Gardiner's A27, 'man hastening with one arm raised', shows simply 'pair of feet in running position')




FHO-SE (+ emit), DEATH-RATTLE; Sumerian uš-2, dead (J. 112)




FHO-SE, WEST (PLACE OF DEATH); IE *(a)wes-, west, listed incorrectly under 3. au-, down, away from




FHO-SE-FHO-SE, SUNSET; Sumerian šuš (for *ušuš), sunset (J. 750)

VERBAL - EFFECTIVE

FHO, BE ASSEMBLING IN A CIRCLE

FHO-NA (+ one), (CIRCLE OF) PEOPLE; Sumerian un, people (J. 578)




FHO-NA-QO (+ ball), RING OF PEOPLE; Sumerian ug-4 (for *u(n)g(u)), people (J. 578); unu-4 (for *un(g)u), people (J. 578); uku-3 (for *u(n)gu), people (J. 578)




FHO-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO FORM IN A CIRCLE; IE 3. wel- (for *we:l- - cf. Greek he:lía, highest court in Athens), push, press, press together, enclose




FHO-NHA-QO (+ ball), RING OF PEOPLE; IE wolgo-s, mass, listed under 3. wel- cf. Greek he:lía, highest court in Athens), push, press, press together, enclose

FHO, ASSEMBLY; Sumerian u-4, meeting (J. 684); u-5, assemblage (J. 123), u-8, herd (J. 850); u-12, people (J. 578)

HA, AIR, (animate: literally, 'who is in movement on (across) the top'); IE *a:- in Greek aós, breath

HA, INHALED AIR, BREATHE; Sumerian a-2, strength (better: physical energy), *air, lung-power (a person's wind) (J.628)

HA, SKY

HA-¿E (+ -like), AIRLIKE




HA-¿E, VAPID; Chinese ái, stupid, idiotic




HA-¿E-RHE (+ come), MOVING AIR; Sumerian ir, sweet aroma, smell, be fragrant (J. 457); IE *a:ir- in Greek ae:r, air, listed incorrectly under 10. aw(e)-, sigh, blow, breathe




HA-¿E-SE (+ emit), SHOOT (ARROWS), 1. eis-, move one's self violently, fiercely, quickly; also of shooting, throwing missiles, arrows; Basque ehizatu, hunt




HA-¿E, LIGHT (IN WEIGHT), THIN; Arabic hâ?a, be beautiful




HA-¿E, TOSS IN THE AIR; IE in Greek haíno:, winnow




HA-¿E, SPEAK; Egyptian j, say; Sumerian e (*e: from *a:i), speak (J. 574); IE 5. ai- (for *a:i-), important speech; in Arabic hâya?u, agree with another on; Chinese âi, grief; Basque hitz, word




VERBAL - AFFECTIVE

HA-FHA (+ set), AIRY, DRY, HOLLOW, EMPTY; IE au-, empty, etc., listed under 3. au-, down, away from; (a)wān-, empty, in Latin va:nus, empty, inconsequential, listed under 1. eu-, lack, empty; Egyptian šw (for *jw), dry, empty, hollow (written with Gardiner H6, 'feather'); when written with the ideograph stroke, it reads šj (with -.t, feathers, plumage), or gwe:in (when glossed with Gardiner D3, 'hair' (šjn.w), a mater lectionis for the additional n<, and then reads šjn. Both words are based on XE-¿E, bristle, (IE gwe:/ei-, 'skin, pelt, *feather'), which with +NA yields IE gwe:i-no, hair (Ossete τun, hair). Since NHA-FHA-MHA meant 'feather', XE-¿E was prefixed to it to yield XE-¿E-NHA-FHA-MHA, 'quill', for PIE. The doubled -ll- of the PIE forms is due to an assimilation of -um to -l-, yielding PIE *gwe:ill-, 'quill'. In Egyptian, the large plural, -THO, was added to šjn to distinguish a 'feather' from a 'hair', which latter formed the normal collective in -FA: XE-¿E-THO, 'plumage'; XE-¿E-NA(-FA), 'hair(s)'; XE-¿E-NA-THO, 'feather'; in PIE XE-¿E-NHA-FHA-MHA, 'quill'; Sumerian u-4-a, be, become dry (Comb. 2582 - J. 684 + J. 949 = *wa:); IE *au- in Greek aûos, dry; Chinese āo, concave, hollow; Basque in huts, empty




HA-FHA-NA(-¿E) (+ one), EMPTY, MOMENT; IE 1. eu-, lack, empty, in Latin va:nus, empty, inconsequential; Basque une, moment




HA-FHA; SHU, Egyptian god of the air (Jupiter); Egyptian šw (properly read jw), Shu (this would have been pronounced roughly yawa - the Hebrew god?




HA-FHA-SO (+ pull), EMPTY OUT; IE aus-, scoop out




HA-FHA-SE-THO (+ assemblage), BARREN; IE wa:sto-s, barren, listed under 1. eu- (for *au-), lack, empty




HA-FHA-THSE (+ puncture), HOLLOW OUT; IE aut(i)o-, in vain, listed under 3. au-, down, away from; Egyptian jwd (for *jwD), separate; Basque huts, empty




HA-FHA (+ set), AIRS; Sumerian u-4, weather, storm (J.684); Arabic hawâ?un, air




HA-FHA-¿E (+ -like), BLOW; Arabic hauwâ, blow (wind)




HA-FHA-NHE(-¿E)CAVITY (+ little); IE au-lo-s (: e:u-l-), tube, longish cavity




HA-FHA-RHE (+ come), MOVING AIR; IE *a:ure:- in Greek aura, air in motion, breeze




HA-FHA-SE (+ emit); BLOW (WIND); IE in Greek áe:si, blows, listed under 10. aw(e)-, sigh, blow, breathe; Basque haize, wind




HA-FHA-SE (+ emit), COLD; IE we:-s- (for *wā-s-; cf. Icelandic vās, aura refrigerans), listed under 10. aw(e)-, sigh, blow, breathe; Lithuanian áušti, become cold, listed under 7. aw-, etc., like; Basque hotz, cold (but cf. hozte, cold snap)




HA-FHA-THSO (+ revolve), WHIRLWIND; IE *awe:t(h)-, wind, listed under 10. aw(e)-, sigh, blow, breathe




HA-FHA-THSO-¿E (+ -like), MENTALLY AGITATED; IE 1. wa:t- (for awa:t(h)i-), mentally excited




HA-FHA-THSO-¿E-NA (+ one), ODIN, Norse good of the air (Jupiter - malevolent aspect)




HA-FHA-¿E, DESIRE, PANT FOR; IE 7. aw-, awe:-, awe:i- like, therefore, desire, on the one hand; be favorable, helpful towards; Arabic hawîya, love, desire; Sumerian ag~²-2, love (J. 362)




HA-NO (+ store), BREATHE, BREEZE, (A)NU, AN; Egyptian (J)nw, (A)nu, Egyptian sky-god; Sumerian Ana-2, An, Sumerian sky-god (J. 14); IE 3. an(6)-, breathe, exhale; v. infra FA-RO-HA-NO, URANUS, VARUNA




HA-NO-THO (+ assemblage), DUCK; IE an6t-, duck




FA-RO-HA-NO (wide +), URANUS, VARUNA; IE *a:nu- in Greek Ouranos, Uranus, and Sanskrit VaruNa, Varuna, listed incorrectly under 5. wer-, close up, cover, protect, save, repulse




HA-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO PANT, BE WEAK; IE 2. el- (for *a:l-, rest??




HA-NHA-¿E (+ -like), WEAK; IE eli:/i-, resting, listed 2. el- (for *a:l-, rest??)




HA-NHA-¿E-¿E (+ -like), BE WEAK; Egyptian nnjj (*jnjj: Egyptian nn is a digraph for *jn, i.e. ¿A-NHA, 'much waves', and for the negative nn, i.e. (Coptic an; ?E-NE, 'empty to the eye, absent') and HA-NHA, 'start to pant, be weak', which is properly written with doubled M22/(22), '(two) rush(es) with shoot(s)', i.e. ?A-NHE, 'plant drooping', which is IE 3. el- : ol-, be moldy, decay), be weary, inert




HA-NHA-SHA (+ state), WEAKNESS; IE *eles- in Old Indian alasás, weary, tired, blunt; Arabic halisa/yuhlisu, be consumptive




HA-NHA, START TO PANT, APPEAR; IE 3. a/āl-, planlessly wander around, err, also be mentally aberrant; Arabic halla/yahillu, appear




HA-NHA, START TO PANT, REJOICE; Arabic halla/yahillu, rejoice




HA-P?FO (+ leg), SWIFT; IE abh- (for *a:bh-), swift; Arabic in habba/yahubbu, to rush




HA-THO (+ assemblage), PUFF, GUST




HA-THO-KHO (+ little), PUFF; IE *a:t6ko- in Irish athach, breath, wind, listed as *6t-a:ko-) under e:t-me'n-, exhalation, breath




HA-THO-ME (+ expel), EXHALE, SIGH; Sumerian dam-3, *wail (*sigh), *storm (J. 684 means 'wail, storm' and reads dam-3); IE 2. tem- (for *atem-, mentally confused, stupefied, *choke (cf. Sanskrit tamati, suffocates)




HA-THO-ME-FA (+ set), CHOKING; Egyptian jtm.w, suffocation; IE 2. tem- (for *atem-), mentally confused, etc., *suffocation (cf. Middle Irish ta:m (*to:mu-), disease, lethargy, death




HA-THO-ME-NA (+ one), EXHALATION; IE e:t-me'n- (for *a:t-me'n-), exhalation, breath




HA-THO-ME, JUPITER (AS WIND); Egyptian Jtm, Atum (Jupiter as the wind); Sumerian Damu (for *Adam), Damu (divinity - J. 798 - written simply 'eye', i.e. the eye par excellence, Jupiter); IE in Greek mythic personages: Themis, Themisto, Athamas

ANIMAL

HA, EXHALE(R), GOOSE, DUCK; Chinese yā, duck

ADJECTIVAL

HA, EMPTY, HOLLOW

HA, VAGINA

GRAMMATICAL

-HA, (FEMININE TERMINATION); IE feminines in -a:; Arabic feminine -ah(t)

ADPOSITIONAL

HA, ON, AT (in movement at a stationary point across from/on top of); Sumerian locative -a (for *-ā); IE *a/*a: (listed under 1. e/e:, o/o:), *at (cf. Sanskrit ā, at)

HA, ANIMATE STATIVE ('BE A [NOUN})'; ACTIONAL CONTINUITIVE [last/persist in an activity])

ANIMATE NATURE

HE, RIVER (animate: literally, 'who moves himself from the top of' [cascades down]))

HE-¿E (+ -like), RIVERINE, GOOSE; Chinese é, goose




HE-RHA (+ bird), RIVER-BIRD; IE 1. er-, eagle, (larger) bird generally; Chinese è,osprey, fish hawk, sea eagle

HE, LOUSE; Sumerian 'i-2 (for *'î), louse, insect (beetle) (J. 717)

HE, DESCEND; Sumerian e-11(d) (Comb. 3095 = J. 809 + 410), descend; Chinese ē, play up to, pander to

HE-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO SINK, REST, DIE; IE 2. el-, rest; Sumerian el-3, rest (J. 407); Basque hil, die




HE-NHA, LIQUEFY, ROT; IE el-, become mouldy, rot

HE, GO, LEAVE, DISAPPEAR; IE in 1. ei- (for *e:i-, cf. Old Prussian e:it, goes), go

GRAMMATICAL

-HE, (RELATIVE FUTURE); Egyptian -j, 3rd p. sing. Old Perfective; in -kj, 1st p. sing. Old Perfective; in -tj, 2nd p. sing. Old Perfective; nomina agentis in -j; imperfective active participles in -j (HE) and -jj ('HE-¿E); Sumerian mâru 3rd p. sing. transitive in -e (Yoshikawa); imperfective participle in -e; IE optative in -ye: and -i/i:; 3rd p. sing. perfect -e; 1st p. sing. perfect in -a (K?E-HE XE -a); 2nd p. sing. -tha (THO-HE THE -tha); imperfective participle in -y(o); nomina agentis in -i

-HE, (ERGATIVE); Sumerian -e, ergative; IE <: in nominative (really ergative) forms where the vocative shows the original intransitive 'subject' form: N. p6té:r (PHO-THO-RO-HE) - V. p6ter- (PHO-THO-'RO); N. k^(u)wo:n - V. k^u(w)on

ADPOSITIONAL

HE, DOWN FROM THE TOP; IE 1. e/e:, o/o:, away

ANIMAL

HO, LION (animate: literally, 'who moves himself to the top of (straddles)')

ANIMATE NATURE

HO, (ROTTEN) ODOR

HO-T?A (+ give), GIVE FORTH STRONGLY, SMELL; IE 1. od- (for *yed- - cf. Latin o:di:, abhor, hate; Lithuanian úodžiu, smell (*o:dyo:), smell; in Arabic ¿iTrun, a sweet odor

ANIMATE NATURE

HO, SUN, STAR

HO, HEAT, LIGHT, HOT; IE *o-, to be hot, in Hittite a-, to be hot

HO-MO, VERY HOT; IE om-, raw, bitter; Egyptian hm, be burning; Arabic Humma, to have fever




HO-RHE (+ become), BE HOT; Arabic Harra/yaHi/urru, be hot

HO, YELLOW

HO-QO (+ ball), BERRY, FRUIT; IE o:g-, grow, fruit, berry




HO-NHA (+ move back and forth), MIST; IE 3. el- (for *yel - cf. Old Norse ya:^Ulda, moldy odor) : ol-, be moldy, spoil; Chinese yān, smoke, mist, vapor

VERBAL

HO, (CAUSE TO) GO ONTO, CHARGE, STRADDLE, TACKLE, APPROACH, PUSH ONTO

ADPOSITIONAL

HO, ACROSS TO THE TOP; IE o/o: (listed under 1. e/e:, o/o:), to, with

ANIMATE NATURE

HHA, WATER CURRENT (animate: literally, 'who is in movement underneath/below'); Sumerian a, water (J. 949); in(?) Nama â, drink

HHA-?A-THO-¿E (+ noble), SEALORD/SOVEREIGN; Egyptian jtjj, sovereign, is sometimes written with two crocodiles as if it were an adjective in - jj); IE *ati-, fish name, *sturgeon (cf. attilus, a sturgeon-like large fish in the Po)




HHA-¿E (+ -like), WATERY, IRRIGATION DITCH; Sumerian e, irrigation ditch (J. 574)




HHA-¿E, BE STEAMING; Chinese âi, mist, haze




HHA-¿E-T?O (+ lump), FLOOD; Sumerian *ed-x (for éd(a)), innundation (Sign 949). This reading of Sign 949 is based on the fact that Sign 949 means 'inundation`; and the Akkadian equivalent is edû, flood)




HHA-¿E, CLEAR, COLORLESS, SHINY: Sumerian e-3, shine (Comb. 2549 - J. 684 + J. 410); IE 4. a/a:i-, burn, light




HHA-¿E-KHXO (+ mollusc); MOLLUSC, POSSESSION; Sumerian ak(u), possess (J. 159); aka-2, possess (J. 362); IE e:ik-, own, have the power to [for *a:ik-])




HHA-¿E-KHXO-THO (+ assemblage), POSSESSION; Egyptian jx.t, possession




HHA-¿E-KHXO-THO-¿E (+ -like), PROPERTY; IE e:ik-ti-, possession (for *a:ik-ti-), listed under e:ik-, own, have power to




HHA-¿E, BE ILLUMINATING; Sumerian e-3, shine (Comb. 2549 - J. 684 + J. 410); IE 4. a/a:i-, burn, light




HHA-¿E-RHA(+ color), BRIGHTNESS; IE a/a:ier-, a/a:ien, day, morning




HHA-¿E-RHA (+ bird), EAGLE; Sumerian erû, eagle, vulture (Comb. 2023 - J. 628 (a-2, strong) + J. 157 (mušen, bird) - erû is for ?O-¿A-RHA-'FHA, eagles)

HHA-¿E-RHA-¿E (+ -like), EYRIE; IE *oiri in Frenche aire, nest of an eagle




HHA-¿E-RHA-KHO (+ little), HAWK; IE *6ira:ko in Greek í:re:x/iéra:x, hawk, listed incorrectly under 3. wei-, 1. to go after something, etc.




HHA-¿E-SHA (+ state), NUGGET, METAL; IE ayos- (for *a:yas-), metal, copper, bronze, iron




HHA-¿E-T?SE (+ release), IGNITE; Egyptian *jD, *ignite (Egyptian U28/29, 'fire-drill'; IE ai-dh-, burn, light, *ignite (cf. Greek aitho:, ignite); Sumerian izi, fire (J. 339)




HHA-¿E-T?SO (+ hold), HEARTH, HOUSEHOLD; IE aidh-, *residence (cf. Latin aede:s, temple), listed under ai-dh-, burn, illuminate; IE 2. edh- (for *(a)yedh, *residence; cf. Anglo-Saxon eodor, residence); Egyptian j', tomb (residence); Sumerian id-3 (for *it-3), fortress (J. 835 [J. 834 (enclosure) + J. 14 (sun)]; Basque etxe, home




HHA-¿E-T?SO, SHINE; IE aidhu-, fire, listed under ai-dh-, burn, light




HHA-¿E-T?SO-RO (+ high degree), BRIGHT; IE aidhro-, bright (sky), listed under ai-dh-, burn, light




HHA-¿E-T?SO-RO-THO (+ assemblage), BRIGHT SKY; Egyptian j'r.t, abode of god (ether, bright sky)




HHA-¿E, SNOW WHITE; Chinese ái, pure white, snow white




HHA-¿E, LOW; Chinese âi, short (of stature), low




HHA-FHA (+ set), WATERS; IE 9. aw(e)- (for *a:wa-), sprinkle, wet, flow, *water




HHA-FHA-¿E, WATERY, DARK GREEN; Arabic Hawiya/yaHwaya, be or become dark green; Hawîyun, small pond




HHA-FHA-KHXO (+ mollusc); MOLLUSC, POSSESSION




HHA-FHA-KHXO-¿E (+ -like); POSSESS; Basque in euki, possess




HHA-FHA-KHXO, COOKING PAN; IE auq^w(h)- (for *a:uk(h)6- - cf. Old Indian ukhá- , pot, cooking pot) : uq^wh-, cooking pot, warming vessel with a big belly and a small mouth




HHA-FHA-KHXO-NO (+ jar), COOKING POT; IE *a:uk(h)6no- in Gothic aúhns, oven, listed under auq^w(h)- (for *a:uk(h)6- - cf. Old Indian ukhá-, pot, cooking pot) : uq^wh-, cooking pot, warming pan




HHA-FHA-RE (+ make), BISON; IE 2. u:r-, awer-, in OHG u:ro, u:rohso, Latin loanword u:rus, bison, listed under 9. aw(e)-, awed-, awer-, sprinkle, dampen, flow; Arabic Hawarun, ox




HHA-FHA-RO (+ raise), PREGNANT; Egyptian jwr, conceive, become pregnant; Chinese yù, give birth to




HHA-FHA-RHE (+ rain), RAINWATER; IE 9. aw(e)-, awed-, awer-, sprinkle, dampen, flow; Basque ur, water, juice




HHA-FHA-RHE-¿E (+ -like), MEADOW; Sumerian ag~ar-2, meadow (J. 856); IE awer- (for *awar-), swamp, listed under 9. aw(e)-, sprinkle, wet, flow




HHA-FHA-SO (+ pull), DRAW (WATER); IE aus-, draw (water) [shaduf?]




HHA-FHA-SO, HEAVY, WEIGHT




HHA-FHA-SO-¿E (+ -like), WEIGH OUT, BUY; IE (*a)wesi-, buy, listed under 8. wes-




HHA-FHA-SO-FA (+ set), SCALE (BALANCE); Egyptian jws.w, scales




HHA-FHA-SO-NA (+ one), WEIGHT, PRICE; Arabic wazana, weigh; wazuna, be heavy




HHA-FHA-SO-NA-¿E (+ -like), WEIGH OUT, SELL; (*a)weseni- in Hittite waššaniya, sell, listed under 8. wes-, buy, sell




HHA-FHA-SO-¿E (+ -like), WET




HHA-FHA-SO-¿E-NA (+ one), WELL; Basque (o)sin, well




HHA-FHA-T?O (+ lump), AMNION




HHA-FHA-T?O-RO (+ part), WOMB; IE udero-, uterus, womb; Sumerian udul-7, child ('womb-product`); Sumerian 'u-3-tur (for *dur; Comb. 2715 = J. 717 + J. 273), womb


MA-HHA-FHA (mound +), BANK (OF WATERS); Sumerian mu-11, *bank (J. 171 reads mu-11, and means 'bank')




SA-HHA-FHA (strong +), BEVERAGE; Egyptian zw, drink; IE se:u-, beverage (cf. Old indian su:ra-, intoxicating drink; listed under 1. seu-)




SA-HHA-FHA-RO (+ raise), QUAFF; Egyptian zwr, drink; IE se:ur-, *quaff (cf. Old Indian su:ra-, intoxicating drink; listed under 1. seu-); Basque zurrut, sound of a gulp, small swallow, sip; Tibetan g-sol-wa, drink (from <-*zHol)




MA-HHA-FHA (area +), HEAVENS; Sumerian mu-9, *heaven (J.171 reads mu-9, and means 'heaven')




MA-HHA-FHA-RO (+ part), CONSTELLATION; Sumerian mul, constellation


SA-HHA-FHA (strong +), RAIN; IE 1. seu-, rain




MO-HHA-FHA (dirty +), (MUDDY) WATERS; Egyptian mw, water; Sumerian mu-11, *waters (J. 171 reads mu-11, and means 'bank'); IE 1. meu-, wet, moldy, sprinkle, impure liquid (also urine), dirty; also wash, purify




MO-HHA-FHA-¿E, (THICKLY) WATERY; Egyptian mw.jj, be watery; Sumerian mu-12, *blood(y) (J. 127 reads mu- 12, and means 'blood'); IE (moi-?), spot, dirty, listed under 2. mai-




MO-HHA-FA-¿E-T?O (+ lump), SEMI-LIQUID, URINE, BLOOD; Egyptian mw.jjt, urine; Sumerian mud/t/t*, blood (J. 127); IE meu-d-, *wetness (cf. Greek mudos, wetness, decay), listed under 1. meu-, wet, moldy, sprinkle, impure liquid (also urine), dirty; also wash, purify




HHA-FHA, SIMMER; IE 9. aw(e)- (for *a:u:-) etc., moisten, dampen, flow, *simmer (cf. Old Indian o:dati:, the welling up, simmering thing); Chinese āo, cook in water, boil




HHA-FHA-¿E (+ -like), BOIL; Chinese áo, boil, stew, decoct, endure, hold out




HHA-P?A (+ cleft), STREAM (RIVER-BED); IE ab-, water, river; Sumerian ab-3, flowing water (J. 274)




HHA-PHA (+ flat), BANK, SHORE; IE 2. a/a:p-, water, river; in a:pero-, bank; Sumerian a-ab-ba, sea (J. 949+222+5)




HHA-RHA (+ color), REFLECTIVE, BRIGHT, (BLUISH) WHITE; Sumerian ar, shine, illuminate, boast, fame, praise, be distinguished (J. 800); IE in ar-dh-, *lance, pole?; ar-di-, (*arrow) point, spike; ar-wa:-, intestine (fat); 3. ar-, nut (white one); Japanese ara, new




HHA-RA-HA (+ stative), BE BRIGHT; Arabic Harâha, sparkling of fire




HHA-XHA (+ very large plural); WATER-MASS; IE ak^wa:-, water, river

VERBAL - AFFECTIVE

HHA, BE SWEET; Sumerian a-10, sweet (J. 658 means 'sweet', and reads a-10)

HHA-MO (+ overall), SWEET; Egyptian jm(3), kind, gentle, well-disposed, pleasing, be gracious, delighted, charmed




HHA-MO-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO BECOME SWEET; IE *a:mel-, sweet, in Albanian ambëlë, sweet, listed incorrectly under om-, _om-, raw, bitter




HHA-NO (+ jar), WATER-JAR; Egyptian nw [for (j)n(w)], *water-jar (Egyptian W24, 'bowl')




HHA-NO-THO (+ assemblage), JAR-RACK; Egyptian *jn.t, *jar-rack (Egyptian W17, 'water-pots in a rack', which is currently mistakenly read xn.t, which stands for K?XO-NA-T?O, HOLDER)




KHXA-HHA-NO (pointed +), POINTED JAR; Egyptian Hn(w), jar; Sumerian kan, *pointed jar (J. 271 reads kan, and means 'pointed jar'); IE *ka:n- in Modern Irish canna, can, vessel




HHA-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO BECOME SWEET




HHA-NHA-FHA (+ past participle), SWEETENED; Arabic Hulwun, sweet, agreeable; IE alu- (for *a:lu-), bitter, beer, alum (rather *sweet(ened); cf. Old Prussian alu, mead)




HHA-NHE (+ little), FOAM(Y), WHITE; IE 6. al-, white, shiny




HHA-P?E (+ pour out), EJACULATE; DESIRE STRONGLY; Sumerian ab-3, *ejaculate (J. 274 pictures a penis entering vulvae); ab-2, procreate, bear (J. 759); IE 7. au-, like; Arabic Habba, love




HHA-P?E-¿E, BE DESIRING STRONGLY; Egyptian jb (for *jpj), desire, will, mood; probably ib, think, suppose; Sumerian ib-2, anger, be angry (J. 411); IE awe:i-, listed under 7. au-, like; Arabic Habba, love




HHA-RHA (+ color)




HHA-RA-¿E (+ -like), PALE, COLORLESS; Sumerian ari-2, *pale (J. 112 reads ari-2, and means 'dead'); IE *ar- (for *a:r-), *white, theorized under ar(e)-g^-, shining, whitish




HHA-RA-¿E-RO (+ high degree), VERY PALE, PALENESS; Egyptian j3r, be dim (of eye), be weak (? of heart); j3r, sadness (really paleness); Sumerian alala-3, *pale (for *arala - J. 684 reads alala-3, and means 'white')




HHA-RA-¿E-RO-FA (+ set), GRAPES; Egyptian j3r.w, rushes (for *grape-vines - the ancient determinative is a vertical hand with fingers separately articulated to suggest the five-fingered leaf of the vine); IE *arir- in Latin arillus, raisin, grape-seed




HHA-RHA-¿E, NORDIC/CAUCASIAN; Sumerian ari, Akkad (J. 661); IE a:ri- in Sanskrit arí, foreigner, stranger




HHA-RHA-THO (assemblage), SHEEP; Basque in ardi, sheep, ewe




HHA-RHA (+ bird), WATER-BIRD, EAGLE; IE 1. er- (for *a:r- - cf. Modern High German Aar, eagle), eagle, (larger) bird generally; Sumerian ara-2 (J. 684 [sun] + J. 410 [go], i.e. go from out of the sun, a characteristic of eagles), a certain bird, *eagle; Basque in arrano, eagle




HHA-RHA-NA, EAGLE; IE 1. er- (for *a:r-n- - cf. Modern High German Aar, eagle, and Hittite haranaS, eagle), eagle, (larger) bird generally; Basque in arrano, eagle




HHA-SO (+ pull), BE DRIED OUT, BAKED, DEPRIVED; IE a/a:s-, burn, glow




HHA-SO-?A (+ stative), DRY, LIGHT (IN WEIGHT), LOST; IE *ase-, *dry (cf. Latin a:reo:, am dry), listed under a/a:s-, burn, glow; Egyptian jz(j), light (in weight), written with M40, 'bundle of reeds', burned for heat and illumination [?A-SA-¿E, 'plant-tie']); Sumerian eš-5, dry (J. 965)




HHA-SO-?A, OLD; Egyptian *jzj, old (this word is written with the 'herb', L2, which stands for ?A)




HHA-SO-¿E (+ -like), DRY; IE *a/a:si-, dry, in Latin a:ridus, dry, listed under a/a:s-, burn, glow




HHA-SO-¿E, OLD; Sumerian eše/i-3, old (J. 112)




HHA-SO-FA, DRIED OUT, OLD; Egyptian js (for *jz.w), old




HHA-T?A (+ side), BANK




HHA-T?A-FA, BANKS; IE ad(u)-, watercourse




HHá-T?A-RO-¿E (+ part), MEADOW; Egyptian jtr(.w), river (really 'two riverbanks'); Sumerian *adar-x, meadow (J. 856 reads agar-2, and is composed of J. 834 and J. 648, which reads dar-5; we add the reading adar-x (cf. also Comb. 3634 = J. 949 + J. 629 + J. 800 = *adar (ugaru), steppe, field, meadow); IE ad-ro- (for *ád6r6i-; cf. Adria in Venice), watercourse, listed under ad(u)-




HHA-T?SO (+ hold), SOAK, WASH; Egyptian j', wash




HHA-T?SO-FA (+ set), SOAKINGS, WASHINGS; Egyptian j'.w, washing; Sumerian a-tu-5, purification, washing (Comb. 3639 J. 949, a, water + tu-5 = J. 651, hand + J. 323, alkaline plant used in making soap + J. 457, ointment - probably tu-5 should be emended to read atu)




¿A-HHA (much +), LAKE, SEA




¿A-HHA-MA (+ mound), SEA; Sumerian am-3, *sea (J. 949 + J. 14); Egyptian jjm, sea; Arabic yammun, sea, ocean; IE *a:m-, river, in Latin amnis, stream, river-water, listed incorrectly under ab-, water, river




MA-¿A-HHA (mound +), WATER-LEVEL; Egyptian mj(.w), waters; Sumerian me-5 (probably for *mí: - cf. Comb. 3625 = J. 949, me-5 + J. 597, la-6, strong, powerful, respected = Akkadian mîlu, flood-crest); IE 3. mei-, wander, go, word for river-names (cf. Middle Irish Moín)




SA-HHA-T?SO (strong +), SOAK COMPLTELY; IE *swa:dh-, seethe, be moving violently, listed under 4. seu-




MO-HHA (+ surface), BODY OF WATER

HHA, SEMEN; Sumerian a, semen (J. 949)

HHA-HHA, SEMINAL FLUID, SEED, SON; Sumerian *a.a (for *â'á), *semen (J. 949 means 'semen' and 'son'); Sumerian a.a (for â'á), seminal fluid, son (J. 954 = J. 949 + J. 949)

HHA, MANY; Egyptian j- in old demonstrative plurals, jpn, these

HHA, MOVE

GRAMMATICAL

HHA, (INDEFINITE ANIMATE INCLUSIVE PLURAL); IE -: in nominative, accusative, and vocative masculine and feminine dual of o-stems (-o:)

-HHA, (REFLEXIVE DURATIVE - Stem V)

-HHA, (COLLECTIVE); IE -a:, collective

ADPOSITIONAL

HHA, UNDER, BELOW

ANIMATE NATURE

HHE, SMOKE (animate: literally, 'who moves himself from below'); Sumerian i, smoke (J. 270)

HHE-¿E, SMOKE-COLORED, (ORANGE-)REDDISH; IE 3. ei-, reddish, many-colored




HHE-¿E-FA (+ leaf), YEW, GRAPE; IE (e)i-wa:, yew, and oiwiya:, grape, listed under 3. ei-, reddish, many-colored




HHE-RHA (+ color), RED; IE er-, listed under e/e:rebh-, dark-red, brownish tints




HHE-RHA-¿E, SHINY REDDISH COLORED; Egyptian *j3, shiny (Egyptian R15, 'spear decked out as a standard' - HHA-RA-¿E-T?SO, SPEAR, for HHE-RA-¿E-THSO, EAST - THSO, direction, is written with Egyptian D41, 'forearm with palm of hand downwards'); Sumerian ara-2 (for *ari - composed of J. 684 and J. 410, which reads ri-6), *shiny [Comb. 2549 - J. 684 (sun) + J. 410 (come)]; ar, shine (J. 800); IE er- (for *a:r-), color root, listed under e/e:reb(h)-, in words for dark red, brownish hues




HHE-RA-¿E, DEER; IE 2. er-, ram (he- goat, buck), sheep, cow, roe deer, perhaps originally (red) horned animal




HHE-RA-¿E-THO, DEER; IE 2. er-, ram (he-goat, buck), sheep, cow, roe deer, perhaps originally horned animal; in Latin arie:s, arietis, ram




HHE-RA, METAL (COPPER)




HHE-RA-¿E (+ -like), METAL BLADE




HHE-RA-¿E, CUT WITH A METAL BLADE, PLOUGH, DICE; Sumerian ar-3, grind up (J. 723); IE ar(6)- (for *a:ry6- cf. Gothic arjan, plough), plough




HHE-RA-T?SO, SPEAR; Egyptian *j3', spear (Egyptian R15, 'spear decked out as a standard'); IE ardh-, pole?, *spear (cf. Armenian ardn, lance, spear)




HHE-RA-THA (+ tear loose), PLOUGHED LAND; IE *art- in OHG art, ploughed land; Arabic Haratha, till and sow the earth




HHE-RA-¿E (+ -like), HHE-RA-¿E, PERTAINING TO THE MORNING; Sumerian ara-2 (for *ari - composed of J. 684 and J. 410, which reads ri-6), *sunrise [Comb. 2549 - J. 684 (sun) + J. 410 (come)]; IE *a:ri- in Greek ê:ri, in the morning, listed under a/a:ier, day, morning




HHE-RA-¿E-P?FO (+ place), EAST; Egyptian j3b(jj), east; Sumerian in ara-2-pu-muSen, wild duck (bird of the east - cf. Akkadian arabu: - under Comb. (2549); IE e/e:reb(h)- (for *a:ribh-), in words for dark red, brownish hues (cf. Modern Low German Erpel, drake)




HHE-RA-¿E, LEFT; IE *ari- in Greek aristeros, left, listed incorrectly under 1. ar-, fit together, fit




HHE-RA-¿E-P?FO (+ place), LEFT (the speakers of the Proto-Language faced south towards the sun when naming directions); Egyptian j3b(jj), left




HHE-RA-¿E-THSO (+ direction), EAST; Egyptian *j3', east (j3b, with Egyptian D41, 'forearm with palm of hand downwards' is to be read either j3b or j3' - this is also indicated by the employment of Egyptian R15, 'spear decked out as a standard', which is 'HHE-RA-¿E-T?SO, SPEAR)

HHE, GO (UP) OUT OF/FROM UNDER, COME, APPEAR, RISE; Egyptian j(j), come; Sumerian e-3, come (up) out (J. 684 (sun) + J. 410); Arabic Hayya/yaHayyu, live (cf. Hayya halâ, make haste)

HHE-FHA (+ frequentative), COME UP COMPLETELY, OUTRAGE; Egyptian jw, wrongdoing (this is written was E9, 'newborn bubalis or hartebeest`, which are forced to stand immediatle after birth (it is determined with G37, sparrow, which stands for orange bird, an omen of evil




HHE-PHA (+ diminutive), BRING; IE e:p-, 'grasp, take, reach, listed under 1. ap-; Egyptian jp, count, pay, muster, etc.; Sumerian eb-2, *bring (J. 411 reads eb-2, and means bring); Basque ipini, place, put, put on (clothing)




HHE-PHA-¿E (+ -like), BE BRINGING; IE e:p-, 'grasp, take, reach', listed under 1. ap-; Egyptian jpj, count, pay, muster, etc.; Sumerian eb-2, *bring (J. 411 reads eb-2, and means bring); Basque ipini, place, put, put on (clothing)

HHE-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO GO (UP) OUT OF; IE 6. el-, drive, set in motion, move one's self, go, *come (cf. Greek ê:lthon, came (aorist)); Egyptian in, bring about; Sumerian il-2 (for *el-x), carry, bring (J. 595); Basque heldu, reach, attain




HHE-NHA-FHA (+ frequentative), ARRIVE; IE eleu-, *come (cf. Greek eílé:lutha, came (perfect)); Egyptian jn(w), reach, attain




HHE-NA, BRING




HHE-NA-FA (+ ingressive), BRING AWAY; IE e/e:neu-, without; Egyptian in(w), bring, fetch, carry off, bring away; Sumerian inu, *steal (J. 15 reads inu, and means 'steal')






HHE-¿E, BE GOING (UP) OUT OF; Sumerian i, go out (J. 270); IE 1. ei- (for *e:i-, cf. Old Prussian e:it, goes), go; Arabic Hayya/yaHayyu, live (cf. Hayya halâ, make haste)




HHE-¿E, BRING ABOUT (OUT OF); Sumerian i-10, bring about (J. 684 + J. 410)




HHE-HHA (+ stative), BECOME DRY (SMOKED); Sumerian e-8, become dry (J. 684)

HHE, MIST, MOISTURE

+HHE-SE (+ emit), DRY UP




HHE-SE-?A, ABSENT, DEAD; Basque ez, not; Sumerian eš-7, dead (J. 112)




HHE-HHE (+ reduplication), BE GOING (UP) OUT OF; Egyptian jj, come; Sumerian i-10, come out (J. 684 (sun) + J. 410)

HHE, OTTER, BEAVER

HHE, TICK

HHO, SNAKE, EEL, BEAR (animate: literally, 'who moves himself to below')

HHO-¿E, SNAKELIKE




HHO-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), NEST OF SNAKES; Arabic Haiyatun, viper, serpent




HHO-¿E, WORM




HHO-XHA (+ large plural), WORMS; IE uk- (for *o(u)kw-), expression of disgust; Sumerian uhu, worm (J. 717)

HHO, DIVE(R), SUBMERGE

HHO, WASH ONE'S SELF, BATHE; Sumerian u-5, wash one's self, bathe (J. 123)

VERBAL - AFFECTIVE

HHO, FALL DOWN, FINISH, REST, SLEEP, HIBERNATE, DIE; Sumerian u-3, sleep, rest (J. 805)

HHO-¿E, RESTFUL; Chinese ái, suffer, endure, drag out, delay, stall, play for time




HHO-¿O (+ causative), CAUSE TO BE RESTING; Chinese âi, friendly, amiable




HHO-FA (+ bird); Egyptian *hw, *sparrow (this bird, depicted by Gardiner's G37, and which means 'snake/worm-bird', sounded the same as HO-FA, wrongdoing, “neglect?” and became a symbol employed as a determinative for any word describing misconduct or misfortune.)




HHO-NA (+ one), (START TO) REST; Chinese ān, peaceful, quiet, tranquil, calm, set someone's mind at ease, rest content, be satisfied, safe, secure, in good health, etc.




HHO-NA-RO-¿E (+ part), DREAM; IE oner- (for *o:nar6i-), dream




HHO-RHE, COME DOWN (v. infra under RHE)

BODY

K?A-?A (+ stative), SHOUT; IE ge:(i)- (for *ga:-), sing, call, cry out




K?A-?A-¿E (+ like), BE SHOUTING (TRANSITIVE); Egyptian kj, cry out; Sumerian gi/e-4, report, answer (J. 605); IE ge:(i)- (for *ga:i - cf. Lithuanian gaidy~s, rooster), sing, call, cry out; Chinese jī, *shout, in jī-jī, zhā-zhā, chirp, twitter




K?A-?A-¿E-T?O (+ lump), SONG; Egyptian kj.t, cry of acclaim; IE ge:id-, *sing (cf. Lithuanian gíedu, sing, crow), listed under ge:(i)- : go:(i)- : gi:-, sing, call, cry out; Arabic kitta/yaktitu, hum softly, simmer




K?A-?A-¿E-T?O-¿E (+ -like), SONGSTER, ROOSTER; IE *ge:id6i- in Lithuanian gaidy^~s, rooster; Chinese jī-zi (zî), chicken




K?A-?A-¿E-K?A-?A-¿E (+ reduplication), BE CHIRPING; Chinese jī-jī, chirp




K?A-?A-¿E, CHICKEN; Chinese jī, chicken




K?A-?A-¿E-T?O (+ lump), COMMUNICATION

K?A-?A-¿E-T?O-P?FO (+ leg), WRITING ROLL; Arabic kitâbun, document




K?A-?A-FA (+ frequentative), REJOICE; IE ga:u-, rejoice, boast joyfully; Tibetan ga-wa, be pleased




K?A-?A-FA-NA (+ one), DOG; Chinese qun, dog




K?A-?A-FA-T?SO (+ hold), REJOICE; Egyptian H'w (for *kjw'), rejoice; IE ga:udh-, rejoice [cf. Latin gaudeo:, rejoice], listed under ga:u-, rejoice




K?A-¿E, BE OPENING THE JAWS, SHOUTING




K?A-¿E-FA (+ frequentative), HAVE INFORMED (DEITY), INVOKED; Egyptian Hw, Authoritative Utterance, royal ordinance, *oracular pronouncement; Sumerian gu-3, speak, call, cry out (J. 15); IE g^hau- (for *gyau-), g^haw6-, call, invoke




K?A-¿E-FA-FA (+ set), INVOCATION, INFORMATION; Egyptian Hww, proclaim




K?A-¿E-FA-THO (+ assemblage), INVOCATION; IE g^hu/u:-to- (for *gyau-to-), invoked, listed under g^hau- (for *gyau-), g^haw6-, call, call upon




K?A-¿E-FA-THO-¿E (+ -like), BE INVOKING; Egyptian Hw.t, name of a goddess (invoker); Sumerian gu-3-de-2, speak, name (J. 15 + J. 635); IE *gyauti- in Gothic gudja, priest, listed under g^hau- (for *gyau-), g^haw6-, call, call upon




K?A-¿E-FA-THO-¿E-HHA (+ stative), INVOKER, PRIEST, GOTH; Egyptian Hw.tjj, name of the sun-god (invoker); Sumerian Gu-ti, tribal name; in Gu-ti-um, land of the Gu-ti; IE *gyau-tya: in Gothic gudja, priest, listed under g^hau- (for *gyau-), call, invoke; *gyau-tya: in Latin Gothus, Goths




K?A-¿E-FA-THO, TEMPLE; Egyptian Hw.t, temple




K?A-¿E-NA (+ one), JAW-BONE




K?A-¿E-NA-FA (+ set), JAW-BONES; IE 2. g^enu- (for *g^yanu-), jaw-bone(s), chin




K?A-¿E-P?FO (+ place), JAW; IE g^ebh- (for *g^yabh-), jaw, mouth, eat, devour, listed under g^ep(h)-




K?A-¿E-RE (+ make), WAIL; Egyptian H3, mourn; IE g^a/a:r-, call cry out, lament




K?A-NA (+ one), CLENCH (THE JAWS); IE gen- (for *gan-), as a basis for extensions in the meaning 'press together, pinch, sag, what is pressed together, balled, *clenched (further, clap the jaws together)




K?A-NA-THO (+ assemblage), CLENCHING (THE JAWS), DISLIKE; Egyptian kn.t, dislike




K?A-NHA (+ ingressive), CALL; IE 2. gal-, call, cry out




K?A-NHA-¿E (+ -like), BE CALLING TO; Egyptian knj, call




K?XE-K?A (face +), WHISPER




HE-K?A-RE (+ voice), WHISPER; Sumerian i-5-gar, thought (Comb. 200 - J. 15 + J. 970)




K?XE-K?A-RE (+ make), WHISPER (MAGIC SPELLS); in Egyptian Hk3.w, magic spells




K?A-RHE (+ come), WHISPER; Egyptian k3, say, think, plan; IE 2. ger- (for *gre:-), cry hoarsely

VERBAL

K?A, BE CHEWED; Sumerian ga-4, *chew apart (J. 970 reads ga-4, and means 'chew apart')

K?A-¿E (+ -like), CHEW; Egyptian *H (for *kj), *chew (Egyptian F18, 'tusk of elephant', really 'jaw')




K?A-¿E-FA (+ set), PAIR OF JAWS; IE g^(y)eu-, chew, *jaw [cf. OHG kewa, jaw]




K?A-¿E-FA-¿E (+ -like), CHEW; Sumerian gu-7, eat (J. 55); ku-2, eat (J. 55); IE g(y)eu- (for *g^yewi- [cf. Common German *kewian]), chew; Chinese jiáo, masticate, chew, munch




K?A-¿E-FA-SHA (+ content), ENJOY, FEAST ON; Egyptian Hz, favor, praise, please, *enjoy; IE g^eus-, try, taste, enjoy, in Germanic and Keltic: choose, in Indo-Iranian and Albanian: love




K?A-¿E-P?O (+ swell), CHEEK




K?A-¿E-P?O-NHE (+ little), TADPOLE; Egyptian Hfn, tadpole (Egyptian I8, 'tadpole'); IE gyaul- in Middle Low German ku:le, tadpole, listed incorrectly under ge:u-, bend, crimp, arch




K?A-¿E-PHA (+ graze), CHEW, NIBBLE; IE g^ep(h)- (for *gyep-), g^ebh-, jaw, mouth, eat, devour




K?A-RE (+ apply), CHEW APART; Sumerian gar, chew apart (J. 970)

K?A, HAPPY

MINERAL

K?A, CUP; Egyptian *k, *cup; (Egyptian V31, 'wickerwork basket with handle`); Sumerian ga, *cup (J. 594 reads ga, and depicts a milk-bucket'); ga-5, measure of capacity (J. 103)

K?A-NA (+ one), CONTAINER, BOWL; Sumerian gan(a), *bowl (for *gan - J. 271 reads gan(a), and means 'jar'); IE *gan-, container, listed under gan(dh)-, container




K?A-NA-FA (+ set), CONTAINERS




K?A-NA-FA-NA (+ one), JAR, CAN; IE *ganwan- in Germanic kanno:n, can, listed under gan(dh)-, container




K?A-¿E, WELL; Egyptian *H, *well (Egyptian N41, 'well full of water')




K?A-¿E-MA (+ mound), WELL; Egyptian *Hm, *well (Egyptian N41, 'well full of water')




K?A-?A (+ stative), CUPLIKE, CUPPED HAND




K?A-?A-FA (+ frequentative), CLAP (INTRANSITIVE); Egyptian Hw, clap; IE ga:u- (for *gya:u-), rejoice, happily boast




K?A-?A-FA-RO (+ high degree), CLAPPING GREATLY, REJOICING; Sumerian hul-2, joy, rejoicing (J. 915); IE g6u-ro-s (for *ga:u-ro-), proud, listed under ga:u-, rejoice, happily boast




K?A-?A-P?A (+ diminutive), BE MADE INTO A (LITTLE) CUP, BE EMBRACED BY WRAPPING THE ARMS AROUND, BE PUT AGAINST




K?A-?A-P?A-T?O (+ lump), OAR; Egyptian Hp.t, oar




K?A-?A-P?A-¿E (+ -like), BE EMBRACING, BE AGAINST; Sumerian gab/p(a) (for *gaba), go against, approach, seal, press into, over, on (J. 326); IE ghabh- (for ghaba:-), seize, take, with e:-format (really ya-), durative, have, hold firmly to




K?A-?A-P?A-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), EMBRACE; Egyptian Hp.t, embrace




K?A-?A-T?SO (+ hold), HOLD HANDS TOGETHER IN ANTICIPATION, REJOICE; Egyptian H', rejoice; IE *gya:dh-, rejoice (cf. Greek ge:theo:, rejoice), listed under ga:u-




FA-K?A (around +); HOOF




FA-K?A-¿E (+ -like), HOOFED, QUICK; IE weg^-, fresh, strong




FA-K?A-¿E, HOOF; IE 1. wa/a:g- (for *wa:gi-; cf. Latin va:gi:na, scabbard), cover over; Egyptian *wH (for *wkj; kj becomes H as in Hw, food = g(y)eu-, chew; F25, sign with which it is written, portrays 'leg and hoof of ox'; the reading wHm.t for hoof is in error, and stems from the use of the hoof in writing wHm, repeat)




K?A-RE (+ make), COLLECT; Egyptian *k3, work (Egyptian A9, 'man steadying basket [W10] on head'); Sumerian gar, (J. 970 reads gar, and means 'enclose, include, lay down, set, have'); IE *gre- (cf. Doric Greek agretās, collector), put together, collect, listed under 1. ger-




K?A-RE-THO (+ assemblage), COLLECTION; Egyptian k3.t, work, construction




K?A-RE, GRANARY; Sumerian gar-3, granary (J. 503)




K?A-RE (+ scratch), SCOOP OUT




K?A-RE-P?FO (+ place), INDENTATION; IE gerebh-, scratch, notch (cf. Anglo-Saxon ceorfan, cut, notch)




K?A-RE-P?FO, MAKE INDENTATIONS; Arabic karaba/yakrubu, plough (the ground) before (sowing)




K?A-FA (+ set), CLENCHED FINGERS; IE gaw6-?, hand, grip, hand over, listed under gow6-

K?A, VULVA, WOMB

K?A-¿E (+ -like), VULVALIKE




K?A-¿A-FA (+ set), VULVAE




K?A-¿E-FA-MO(-THO) (+ flesh), VULVA; Egyptian H(w)m.t, vulva, cow; IE *gyaund- in Middle Low German kunte, vulva




K?A-¿E-MO (+ flesh); in Egyptian Hm.t, woman (kj H) (Egyptian 'penis and testicles touching triangle' - not numbered in Gardiner); Sumerian gem-3/gim-3, young girl




K?A-¿E-MO-¿E (+ -like), FEMALE SLAVE; Sumerian geme-2, female slave (J. 919)




K?A-¿E-MO-¿E, WIFE; Sumerian geme, wife (J. 919)




K?A-¿E-MO-¿E, MARRY; IE g^em(e)- (for *g^ami- [cf. Greek gameo:, marry]), marry




K?A-¿E-MO-HA (+ female); WIFE; Sumerian gimu, wife (J. 919)




K?A-¿E-NO (+ be stored), BEAR (A CHILD); Sumerian gan(a), pregnant, bear (a child); IE g^no:- (for *g^no- - cf. Greek gignomai, become, arise), engender, *bear (cf. Sanskrit janati, engenders, bears, listed under 1. g^en-




K?A-¿E-NO, PROGENETRIX; Sumerian gana-4, brood-ewe (J. 849)




K?A-¿E-NO-MA (+ mound), BREEDING PEN; Sumerian ganam-5, breeding pen (J. 848)




K?A-¿E-NO-THO (+ feminine), PROGENETRIX; Egyptian Hn(w).t, mistress

K?A, KNEECAP

K?A-P?FO (+ leg), KNEE




K?A-P?FO-HA (+ stative), KNEEL, SUBMIT; Sumerian gab/p-2 (for *gapu), assistant (really war-captive) (J. 141)




K?A-P?FO-SHA (+ immobile), GO DOWN ON KNEE, SUMBIT; IE *gabh6s- in Old Norse kefser, captive; Anglo-Saxon cefes, maid, concubine

BODY

K?E, ERECT PENIS, FORMANT FOR NAMES OF MALES, TAIL (inanimate: literally, 'what is moved from the back')

K?E-¿E (+ -like), PENIS, MALE; Egyptian k(3), bull; Sumerian gi/e-3, *male (J, 831 reads gi/e-3, and means 'king', i.e. 'the man'); ge-15 (for *gi-15), *male (J. 1 reads ge-15, and means 'man')




K?E-NA (+ one), ENGENDER; IE 1. g^en-, engender, bear




K?E-NA-NA (+ one), CHILD; Sumerian ginan, child (J. 273); IE *g^enan- in Old Irish gein, birth, listed under 1. g^en-, engender, bear

K?E, SPROUT, SPLIT OPEN

K?E-?A (+ stative), SPROUT, BE OPEN; IE *g^e:- (cf. g^i:-), sprout, split one's self open, bloom




K?E-?A-¿E (+ -like), SPLIT OPEN; IE g^e:i-, sprout, split one's self open, *split open (cf. OHG ki:l, wedge); Basque gehitu, grow, augment, multiply, enlarge, increase




K?E-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), SHOOT; IE g^eit- in OHG frumaki:di, first growth




K?E-THO (+ assemblage), SMALLNESS; Egyptian kt, pettiness




K?E-THO-THO (+ reduplication), TRIFLE; Egyptian ktt, small, trifling, a trifle

PRONOMINAL

K?E, I (MASCULINE); in Egyptian -k(j), 1st p. sing. of Old Perfective

K?E-¿E (+ -like), I (MASCULINE); Egyptian -kj, 1st p. sing. of Old Perfective




K?E-FA (+ topical); I (MASCULINE); Egyptian -kw, 1st p. sing. of Old Perfective




K?E-FA-¿E (+ -like), I (MASCULINE); Egyptian -kwj, 1st p. sing. of Old Perfective

K?E, BE BOWED FORWARD, BENT OVER

K?E-?A, TURNED; Sumerian ge, turn, return (J. 131)




K?E-?A-FA (+ frequentative), BOW/BEND OVER (INTRANSITIVE); IE ge:u- (for *g^e:u-), bend, crimp, arch




K?E-?A-FA-T?O (+ organ), INTESTINE; IE geud-, intestine, listed under ge:u- (for *g^e:u-), bend, crimp, arch




K?E-?A-FA-T?O, ANUS; Sumerian gudu-3, anus (J. 694 = J. 689, intestine + J. 750, hole)




K?E-?A-FA-THO (+ assemblage), BOW (NOD); Egyptian kw.t, respect




K?E-?A-RHE (+ conme), RETURN; IE *g^e:r- in MHG kehren, return; in g^ren- in Lithuanian gri~@,žti, return, listed under 3. ger-, turn, wind; Arabic karra/yakurru, return; Tibetan gar, dance




K?E-¿E (+ -like), BE BENDING OVER, TURNING BACK; IE gei-, turn, bend; Tibetan gya-pa, disfigured (cf. gya-gyu, crookedness)




K?E-¿E-¿E (+ -like), BE TURNING AWAY FROM; Arabic kayâ, to shy from ???




K?E-¿E-PHA (+ diminutive), DIVERT; in Arabic kayyafa, enliven, divert

K?E, BE STIFF

K?E-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO STIFFEN, FREEZE; IE 3. gel(6)- (for *g^el-), cold, freeze




K?E-NHA-HA (+ stative), BE FREEZINGLY COLD, VERY STIFF; IE *g^la:, in English glower (loanword?); Egyptian knj, be sullen; Arabic kalaHa/yaklaHu, to be stern-looking (cf. kâliHun, severe (winter)

K?E, (STRAIGHTENED) FINGER

K?E, STICK (INTO), POKE, CALL ATTENTION TO VERBALLY

K?E-¿E (+ -like), CHIP, SHAVING




K?E-¿E-P?A (+ piece)




SA-K?E-¿E-P?A (strong +), TO HAVE GIVEN SHAPE TO; IE skei-b-, *give shape to (cf. Latvian šk'ibît, hew, cut, strip of branches, listed under ske\e:i-, cut, separate, part




K?E-¿E-PHA (+ flat), CHIP AT; in Arabic kayyafa, to give a shape to




?A-K?E (pointed +), PROD, PLANT; PIE ag^-, drive (really probably 'drive by swinging arms', swing, set into motion, lead (cf. Old Indian aSTra:-, prod for driving cattle; also ak-to-s, emissary with Egyptian jkkw, councilors?); Egyptian jkw, stone-quarry; jkjj, quarryman; jknw, hoe (pick, digging stick?); Sumerian ag, cultivate; in Arabic ?akara, till; ?akamatun, rising ground (cf. PIE ag^ro-, field; ag^mo-s, furrow); confused with ?A-K?O, TIE UP (FOR TRANSPORT)

BODY

K?O, NECK (inanimate: literally, 'what is moved to the back' [twisted]); Sumerian gu-2, neck (J. 171)

K?O-?A (+ stative), SHOUT; IE go:-, listed under ge:(i)- : go:(i)- : gi:-, sing, call, cry out




K?O-?A, NECK; Sumerian gu-2, neck (J. 171)




K?O-?A-THO (+ assemblage), THROAT; IE gu:/u-t-, throat, listed under ge:u-, bend, crimp, arch




K?O-NHA (+ move back and forth), SWALLOW, GULP; IE 2. gel-, swallow




K?O-NHA-¿E (+ -like), BE GULPING REPEATEDLY, EXHAUSTED; IE *g6la:y- in Old Indian gla:-ti/glá:yati, feels exhausted, listed under 2. gwel-, drip down, run over, well up, throw; Arabic kalla/yakillu, to be tired, weary




K?O-NHA-P?FE (+ animal name), DOG; Arabic kalbun, dog




K?O-NHA-P?FE, GULP DOWN; Arabic kaliba/yaklabu, eat voraciously




K?O-NHA, HAVE STARTED TO LIFT ITSELF UP (IN SHORT INCREMENTS); IE *g6là:-, *climb, in various extensions, such as MHG klingen, climb; Old Saxon *kla:tiro:n, climb; OHG klimban, climb, listed under 1. gel-, ball up, ball one's self up, what is rounded, ball-shaped




K?O-NHA-¿E (+ -like), BE LIFTING UP; Egyptian Tnj, lift up




K?O-SA (+ sinew), SPINAL CORD; Egyptian Tz, spine; Sumerian gu-2-sa (Comb. 856), spinal cord; IE *gus- in Polish guza, backside, listed incorrectly under geng, lump, lumpy; geus- (for *gos-), bird crop (cf. Faroese kjos, crop), listed under ge:u-, bend, crimp, arch; IE *gos- in French gosier, throat




K?O, ROPE; Egyptian T, rope (Egyptian V13, 'rope for tethering animals'); Sumerian gu, cord, tendril (J. 924)




K?O-¿E, HOISTNG




SA-K?O-¿E-SO (strong +), HOIST UP; IE *(s)kois- in Modern English hoist




K?O-SO (+ pull), HOIST (Egyptian U39, 'post of balance', rather 'hoist'); Egyptian Ts, raise, lift up; Sumerian gu-2-us-2 (Comb. 867), raise (the head)




K?O-SO, HOIST ONE'S SELF UP; Egyptian Ts, go up




K?O-SO, RILE ONE'S SELF UP; Egyptian Ts, be angry




FA-K?O-SO (around +), WEAR; Egyptian wTs, raise, lift up, wear

K?O, TWIST

K?O-¿E (+ -like), BE TWISTING; IE gei-, turn, bend; Sumerian ge/i-16, bind (J. 110)

K?O-¿E-SO, KNOT, VERTEBRA (Egyptian S24, 'girdle knot'; Egyptian Ts, vertebra; Ts, tie, weave, join, rejoin, knit together, form, unite, build, model, marshall, levy, clot




K?O-¿E-SO-¿E, SAND, GRAVEL; Egyptian Tz, sandbank; IE geis- (for *geisi-), gravel (listed under g^eis-, gravel

K?O-FA (+ past participle), TWISTED; IE gou-, *be twisted (cf. gou-no-m, what is curled, arched; gou-ro-s, curled hair, wool), listed under ge:u- (for *gou-), bend, crimp, arch

K?O-FA-P?FE (+ foot), SOLE, SANDAL; IE ge:u-, bend, crumple, arch; Egyptian T(w)b.t (for Tbw.t), shoe; Tibetan n-gop-so, cobbler (from m-gob?)




K?O-FA-SHA (+ immobile), KNEEL; Egyptian Ts, sit (really kneel); Sumerian gu-2-ša (for gu-2-sa-x?) (Comb. 904 = J. 171 + 650), bend down, humble (of men); IE geus-, bend, listed under ge:u- (for *gou-)

?A (PLANT-TOP)+, ?A-K?O, TIE UP (FOR TRANSPORT); PIE ag^-, drive (really probably 'drive by swinging arms', swing, set into motion, lead, weigh, send? (cf. ak-to-s, emissary, 'one sent around'?); Egyptian jT, take (possession of), conduct, carry off, remove, arrest, move, steal; Sumerian ag-2, send; confused with ?A-K?E, PROD, PLANT

ANIMAL

KHA, (KASHMIR) GOAT, RUMINANT, MOUFLON SHEEP, (POSSIBLY FOX)(animate: literally, 'who is in movement at the back')

KHA-¿E (+ -like), HAIRY, LONG-HAIRED




KHA-¿E-SE (+ separate), HAIR FILAMENT; IE kais-, hair




KHA-FE (+ male), RUTTING MALE, STRONG-SMELLING




KHA-FE-¿E (+ -like), GOATLIKE, WHEY, SOUR-SMELLING; IE 1. k^wei- (for *kwa:i-), mire. manure, dirty, *whey (cf. Old English hwaeg, whey)




KHA-FHA (+ set), GOATS




KHA-FHA-SHO (+ clan), LARGE GOATHERD




KHA-FHA-SHO-THO (+ assemblage), GOATHERD; Egyptian Hz.t, herd of sheep (goats)




KHA-FHA-SE (+ emit), SMELL SOUR, CHEESE, KVAS (BEER); Egyptian *Hz, *kvas (Egyptian W14, 'tall water-pot', which reads Hs, is really 'beer-jar', KHA-FHA-SE-FA; Hz(3), slime, mucus, dough (sourdough) (Egyptian k^(h)w - H; cf. also kjw, 'jaws` [K?A-¿E-FA], Hw); Sumerian kaš, intoxicating beverage, beer, *kvas (J. 431 - portrays a beer-jar); kaš-2, intoxicating beverage, beer, *kvas (J. 324); IE *kwa:s- in Latin cāseus, cheese, listed incorrectly under kwat(h)-, ferment, become sour, decay




KHA-FHA-SE-FA (+ set), BEER-JAR; Egyptian Hs, *beer-jar (v. supra); Sumerian kaš, *beer-jar (J. 431 portrays a beer-jar)




KHA-FHA-SE-FA-THO (+ assemblage), BEER-JAR; Egyptian Hs.t, water-jar




KHA-FHA-SE-RHE (+ rain), (BUTTER)MILK; Egyptian Hz3, milk




KHA-FHA-SE-RHE-FA (+ set), CURDS, THE MILKY WAY; Egyptian Hz3.w, a body of water in the sky




KHA-FHA-SE-RHE-THO (+ feminine), MILK-ANIMAL, HESAT (Hz3.t, EGYPTIAN GODDESS OF THE MILKY WAY); Egyptian Hz3.t, Hesat

KHA-K?E (+ male), BILLY-GOAT; IE kag^o-, (billy-)goat

VERBAL

KHA, (STRONGLY) DESIRE, LUST, VOLITIVE; Sumerian ga, cohortative prefix (really volitive); IE ka, particle, perhaps somewhat "well", listed under ka/a:-; Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) (m-)ga (possibly *ka, voiced by prefix), want, thing, love

KHA-¿E (+ -like); DESIRABLE; k^ei- (for *kyai-), intimate, dear, listed under 1. k^ei-, lie; Chinese gāi, ought to, should, deserve




KHA-¿E-MO (+ overall), GREATLY DESIRABLE; IE k^ei-mo- (for *kyai-mo-), familiar, listed under 1. k^ei-,




KHA-¿E-MO-THO (+ assemblage), OBJECT OF DESIRE, HOME; Egyptian km.t, Egypt




KHA-MO, GREATLY DESIRABLE; IE kom (for *kam), particle, perhaps somewhat "well", listed under IE ka/ā-; Chinese gān, sweet, pleasant, willingly, of one's own accord




KHA-HA (+ stative), BE DESIROUS, LUSTFUL; IE ka:-, like, desire; kā, particle, perhaps somewhat "well", listed under ka/ā




KHA-HA-MO (+ overall), GREATLY DESIROUS; IE ka:-mo-, desire, listed under ka:-, like, desire; ka:m-, desire, listed under ka:-, like, desire; kom (for *ka:m), particle, perhaps somewhat "well", listed under IE ka/a:-




KHA-HA-RE (+ make), AVIDLY PLAN; Egyptian k3, think about, plan, plot; sDm.k3.f verbal form, volitive




KHA-HA-RO (+ high degree), VERY DESIROUS; Sumerian gul, overly full, amply rich (J. 772); IE ka:-ro-, dear, desirable, listed under ka/a:-, like, desire

KHA, HORN, SPIRAL, WIND AROUND

KHA-SO (+ pull), SCRATCH, COMB; IE kes- (for *kas-), scratch, comb

KHA-SO-NA (+ ingressive), START TO SCRATCH, BE PAINFUL; Egyptian qsn, painful, wretched; IE ks-en-, *rough (cf. Latin sentus, rough), listed under kes-, scratch, comb

ANIMATE NATURE

KHE, SHADOW (animate: literally, 'who moves himself from the back'); Egyptian N2-3, 'sky with a broken (?) w3s-sceptre suspended from it', RATHER 'sky with zigzag spear symbolizing lightning and droplet of rain'; Egyptian k3, soul, in early spellings, is written simply k (and as a plural: kkk for k.w); this strongly suggests that Egyptian *k, shadow, was in competition with k3 (KHE-?A-RA) as a designation for the spirit or ghost of a man; Sumerian ge-6, night, black, shadow (J. 770)

KHE-?A (+ stative), SHADOWY, GREY, DIRTY




KHE-?A-¿E (+ -like), SHADOWY




KHE-?A-¿E-THSO (+ whirl), STORM; Basque ekaitz, storm




KHE-?A-¿E (+ -like), SHIMMER; IE sk^a:i-, shimmer subduedly




KHE-?A-RHA ( + color), TURNED SHADOWY-COLORED, GHOST; Egyptian k3, ka, phantom (cf. k3.w, spirits); IE k^e:-ro-, color designation, in Greek Ke:r, goddess of death




KHE-?A-SE (+ unattached male), HARE; Egyptian ks, *harelike (determinative is a non-identifiable animal; said of the attitude of a captive); Sumerian kis, *hare (J. 766 reads kis, and depicts an animal with long ears); IE k^as-, gray, *hare (cf. Old Indian s'as'á, hare; Arabic khazazun, male hare




KHE-¿E (+ -like), GRAY; Egyptian *kj, *gray (Egyptian D28, 'arms extended so as to embrace?`, reads *kj rather than k3); Sumerian gi-6, night, black, shadow (J. 770); IE 2. k^ei-, dark




KHE-¿E-?A (+ stative), GROWN GRAY; IE k^eya:, shadow (in Latvian seja, listed under sk^a:i- {for *sk^ei-})




KHE-¿E-?A-MO (+ overall), DARK GRAY; Sumerian *kim-4, probably an unrecorded reading for J. 677, black, which is a gunu-variant of J. 675, which has the reading kim-3; Egyptian k(j)m, black (really, dark gray); IE k^ye:-mo (for *k^ya:mo), dark gray




SA-KHE-¿E-?A (strong +), GROW COMPLETELY GRAY; IE sk^iya:- {for *sk^i[y]a:-}, shadow, listed under sk^a:i- {for *sk^ei-}, in Greek skia:, shadow




KHE-¿E-?A, TURN GRAY; Egyptian Hjj (listed as jHjj - first <i is j-augment), grow dark; IE *k^(h)a:ya:- in Sanskrit cha:ya:, shadow, listed under sk^a:i- {for *sk^ei-}




KHE-¿E-¿E (+ -like), MAKE GRAY




KHE-¿E-FA (+ color adjective), DARK, COLOR; Sumerian ku-10, darkness (J. 770); IE k^i-wo-, color, listed under 2. k^ei-




KHE-¿E-FA-KHE-¿E-FA (+ reduplication), TOTALLY DARKEN, DARKNESS; Sumerian kuku, darkness (J. 770)




KHE-¿E-RHA (+ color), GRAY-COLORED; IE k^ei-ro-, dark, gray, and brown {for (reddish-)brown, better KHO-¿E [see below]}




KHE-FHA (+ frequentative), TURN COMPLETELY GRAY




KHE-FHA-¿O (+ causative), INCINERATE; IE 2. k^eu- (*k^eui-; cf. Greek kaío:, ignite, light), ignite, burn up?




KHE-NHE (+ little), PUPPY




KHE-NHE-P?FE, WILD DOG; Sumerian lib/p (for *klip - cf. Akkadian kalbu, dog), *wild dog (J. 657 reads lib/p, and means 'wild dog'




KHE-RHA (+ color), SHADOW-COLORED; Sumerian possibly in geštin gir-2-ra, where geštin means 'grape'; gir, pig (the gray one) (J. 643); IE k^er-, a color designation for dark, dirty, and gray hues, listed as a variant under 6. ker-




KHE-RHA-MO + overall), OVERALL SHADOW-COLORED




KHE-RHA-MO, GRAPE; Sumerian girim, fruit (J. 834); in Egyptian k3m.w, vineyard - k3m, vintner




KHE-RHA-MO-NA (+ one), WEASEL; IE k^or-men- (for *k^er-men-), stoat, weasel, listed under 6. ker- (for k^er-)} in Lithuanian s'armuony~s, weasel




KHE-RHA-MO, GARLIC; IE k^erem- , garlic, onion, listed under (kerem-)




KHE-RHA-NA (+ one); Sumerian girin, fruit (J. 834); in Egyptian k3n.w, vineyard - k3n.jj, vintner




KHE-RHA-NA, ICE; IE in k^er-no-, ice, snow (cf. Old Russian serenyi, white), listed under 6. ker (for k^er-), a color designation for dark, dirty, and gray hues




KHE-KHE (+ reduplication), DARK; Egyptian kk, be dark; Sumerian gig-2, night, black, shadow (J. 770)

KHE, OTHER; IE k^e, *other, listed under k^o-, k^e, pronominal stem 'this', originally I-deictic, later also 'that'; Armenian k'ez, to you

KHE-¿E (+ -like), NEARBY THAT; IE k^(e)i-, this, originally I-deictic, later also that (for nearby that), listed under k^o-, k^e; Chinese gāi, this, that




KHE-¿E-¿E (+ -like), OTHER; Egyptian kjj, other




KHE-KHE (+ reduplication), COMPLETELY NEARBY, SURROUND; Sumerian gi-4-gi-4, surround (J. 605 - Comb. 1942)




KHE-FA (+ topical), YOU; Egyptian -T (for *kw), your (feminine); IE *k@^{^}ew-, *you, in Armenian k'o, of you




?E-KHE (+ that); THERE NEARBY




?E-KHE-¿E (+ -like), THERE NEARBY; IE *ek^ei-, there, in Greek ekeî, there, listed under k^o-, k^e, pronominal stem 'this', originally I-deictic, later also 'that'




?E-KHE-RE (+ something), SOMETHING NEARBY; Arabic ?âkhru, other

KHE, BROTHER; Chinese gē, (elder) brother; in gēr, brothers, boys; Proto-Yao k≫, older brother

KHE-¿E (+ -like), (ELDER) BROTHER, Shilluk ká:yò, elder brother; Salinan kaai, older brother




KHE-KHE (+ reduplication), ELDER BROTHER; Chinese gēge, (elder) brother; Proto-Austronesian kaka, older brother; numerous American Indian examples on p. 123-4 of Ruhlen's The Origin of Language




VERBAL

KHE-¿E (+ -like), MAKE THAT/OTHER, ALTER; Sumerian gi-4, *alter (J. 605) [in har-gi-4-gi-4, alter (Comb. 2833), and a-gi-4-a, alter (Comb. 3629)]; Chinese gâi, change, transform




KHE-¿E (+ -like), CANINE; Tibetan khyi, dog




KHE, HORN




KHE-RE (+ nail), HORN; IE 1. k^er-, horn




KHE-RE-¿E (+ -like), HORNY; Egyptian k3, bull; IE k^erei-, ram, listed under 1. k^er-, horned animals




KHE-RE (+ scratch), GORE; IE 4. k^er-, damage (cf. Albanian tsirrís, puncture (*k^er-n-)




KHE-RO (+ part), HORN




KHE-RO-THO-¿E (+ Egyptian feminine dual), TWO HORNS; Egyptian kr.tj, two horns

KHE, GORE

KHE-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO GORE; IE 2. kel-, puncture

ANIMAL

KHO, ANIMAL YOUNG, SMALL, FORMANT OF DIMINUTIVES; (animate: literally, 'who moves himself to the back' (around the neck?), i.e. '[self-]coverer'); Egyptian G47, 'duckling'; IE diminutive in -ko

VERBAL

KHO, COVER (WITH BLOOD FROM PROCESS OF MAMMALIAN BIRTH)

KHO-¿E (+ -like), REDDISH BROWN; IE *k^oi (for *k6i-) [listed under 2. k^ei-], in color terms, mostly for dark colors - cf. Greek kira, fox, and Old Irish ciar, dark brown




KHO-¿E-MO (+ overall), VERY REDDISH BROWN; Sumerian: possibly a non-attested meaning of *reddish-brown for J. 339, which means 'fire', and reads kum-2




KHO-¿E-RHA, REDDISH-BROWN COLORED; IE k^oi-ro- for *koi-ro, listed under 2. k^ei-, in color terms, mostly for dark colors - cf. Greek kira, fox, and Old Irish ciarr, dark brown




KHO-¿E-RHA-FA (+ color adjectives), REDDISH BROWN




KHO-¿E-RA-FA-NA (+ one), BLOOD; Sumerian kurun-3, blood (J. 575)




KHO-FA (+ frequentative), BE COVERED; Sumerian gu-5, a reading of J. 893, which includes among its meanings 'clothing, clothed, be clothed'; IE 2. (s)keu-, cover, wrap up (for (s)ku:- from (s)kou-). The initial (s)- is the final result of an unaccented SA.




KHO-MO (+ overall), OVERALL REDDISH-BROWN; in Egyptian Tms, red, ruddy (KHO-MO-SO, where SO is 'skin'), and TmH, Libyan (KHO-MO-K?XA, where K?XA is 'hair'); IE: possibly in Lithuanian k~emuras, grape, listed under 1. kem-, to press together, etc., instead of a non-present *kom-, reddish-brown.




KHO-MO-K?XA (+ hair), REDDISH-BROWN HAIRED, LIBYAN; Egyptian TmH, Libyan




KHO-MO-SO (+ skin), REDDISH-BROWN SKINNED, RUDDY; Egyptian Tms, red, ruddy




KHO-RHA (+ color), REDDISH-BROWN COLORED; IE 6. ker-, color designation for dark, dirty, and gray hues (cf. Sanskrit karata, dark red (?), and OHG horo, excrement) - the basis for Old English gor, dung, dirt, from which Modern English 'gore' is derived.




KHO-RHA-FA (+ set), BLOOD; Sumerian 'blood' is kurun-3 (J. 575), and a gunu-variant, J. 577, reads guri/u(n), but is attested meaning only 'fruit'. We assume that J. 575 also reads an unattested *guru-x for KHO-RA-FA while kurun-3 represents KHO-RA-FA-NA; IE l. kreu- (for *kra:u-, cf. Lithuanian krau~jas, blood), thick, coagulating blood, bloody, raw meat




KHO-RHA-FA-PHA(+ diminutive), COAGULATE; IE kreup-, scab, scab over




KHO-RHA-SO (+ skin), STRONGLY REDDISH-BROWN; IE kra:s-, red (listed mistakenly under 3. ker(6)-, burn, glow, heat)




KHO-RO (+ high degree), BLOOD; Egyptian Tr, blood




KHO-FA-THO (+ assemblage), COVERING




KHO-FA-THO-¿E (+ -like), COVERING; Sumerian gu-2-e-3 (Comb. 889), clothing. Sumerian e-3 is a sign composed of ud (J. 684) and du (J. 410). In this case, it should not be read e-3 but ud-du, producing *gu-ud-du; IE (s)ku/u:-ti-, skin, listed under 2. (s)keu-.




SA-KHO-FA (strong +), BE COMPLETELY COVERED; IE 2. (s)keu- (v. supra)




KHO-RE-FA (+ frequentative), DON, BEAR ON ONE'S SELF; Egyptian T3(w), take up, seize, snatch, don, bearer; Sumerian gur-3, lift, bear, bearer (J. 595); IE 5. (ker-?), hang, hang up; Chinese gài, lid, cover




KHO-RE-FA, DON UP; Egyptian T3w, take up, seize, snatch, don, bearer; Sumerian guru-3, lift, bear, bearer (J. 595); IE 5. (ker-?) for *keru- [cf. Lithuanian kariu, karti, hang (up) with a cord], hang, hang up




KHO-RE-MO (+ overall), AREA COVERING; Egyptian T3m, foreskin, cloak, veil, close (a wound); IE (s)kre:-m- (listed incorrectly under 4. (s)ker-, cut), scurf, scab, surface, skin

KHO, NEST; Chinese gā, *depression, in gāzhiwō, armpit, and gālár, nook, cranny

KHO-¿E, NESTLING; Egyptian T3 (for *Tj[3]), fledgling, child




KHO-¿E, NEST; Sumerian ga-2, house (J. 458); IE 1. k^ei- (for *koi-), lie, camp, homestead, trusted, dear. Derivatives like Latin cu:nae (*koi-na:), cradle, nest — and Old Norse hi:dh, lair of the bear (*kei-to), substantiate the original meaning 'nest'




KHO-¿E-¿E (+ like), RESTING; IE 1. k^ei- (from *kyei-), lie, rest




KHO-¿E-MA (+ mound), CAMP; Sumerian hum, camp (J. 935), where KHO-¿E-MA has become first KH-XO:-MO ('KXO:-MO) then XO:M; IE *kei-ma: (Greek keima, camp), listed under 1. k^ei- (for koi-), lie, etc.




KHO-¿E-RA (+ tall), ADOLESCENT; Egyptian T3, fledgling, child; Sumerian gur-4/kur(u)-4 (J. 834), sprout, small - gur-8/kur-9 (J. 99), engender - gur-12/kur-2 (reduplicated J. 101), grow, sprout; IE 2. k^er-, grow, make grow, nourish (cf. Homeric Greek kouros, adolescent, and koure:tes, battle-aged band of adolescents). The initial palatal is the result of KHO-¿E-RHE becoming KHOI-RE: then KH6I-RE:, and finally KHYRE: (IE k^re-)




KHO-THO (+ assemblage), NESTFUL; Egyptian T.t, colloquial: staff, gang, partisans; Sumerian gud-x (written u-2-ki-si-3-ga), nest; Sumerian gud-6, camp, stall (J. 935); IE kot- (listed under ke/e:t-), living quarters, but cf. Old Bulgarian kot`s`, cella, nest

BODY

K?XA, HAIR (inanimate: literally, 'what is extended over points in back'); Sumerian ka-3, *hair, wool (J. 594 reads ka-3, and means 'hair, wool')

K?XA-¿E + -like), HAIRY




K?XA-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), MASS OF HAIR, FOLIAGE, FLEECE; Sumerian kid-9, flax, *wool (J. 147 - this sign written twice, combined with ninda, cup, [J. 970] also written twice, reads kinda, (sheep-)shearer; this indicates that J. 147 was taken from animal husbandry as wool and applied in agriculture to flax); kid-4, *fleece (J. 580 reads kid-4, and means 'fleece')

K?XA-¿E-THO-HA (+ feminine), HAIR CURLS, FOLIAGE; IE ghait-a:, curly or wavy hair, *foliage (cf. Greek khaite:, curly hair, free flowing hair, mane, foliage)




K?XA-¿E-FA (+ frequentative), OVERFLOW (HANG DOWN SIDES); IE g^heu- ( *ghye(:)u-), pour, *overflow (cf. Greek khude:n, profuse; OHG gussa, inundation)




K?XA-¿E-RO (+ raise), BRISTLE UP, BE FRIGHTENED; IE g^her- ( *ghyer-), bristle up *be frightened (cf. Latin horreo:, become stiff, bristle up, shudder, be horrified), listed under g^hers-




K?XA-¿E-T?O (+ lump), FLEECE, GOAT; IE ghaido-, he-goat, goat




K?XA-¿E, LUSH, DISORDERED; Chinese qī in qīqī, luxuriant; qī, crooked, uneven, disorderly, irregular




K?XA-FA (+ set), HEAD OF HAIR




K?XA-FA-RO (+ raise), BRISTLE UP, BE FRIGHTENED; IE ghou-ro-s, fearsome, fearful




NO-K?XA-FA (negation +), NAKED, BALD; IE *noghw- nog^w- , *bald naked




NO-K?XA-FA, NEGRO, BLACK; IE *neg^w- ( *noghw- - see above), *black, in Indian Naga-, aboriginal




NO-K?XA-FA-THO (+ assemblage), NIGHT, BLACKNESS; IE nok^w-(t-), night (*noghw- nog^w-+to nok^w-t(o)-)




NO-K?XA, NEGRO; Tibetan in nag-po, black




NO-K?XA, BLACK; Egyptian *nH, *black (Egyptian G21, 'Sennâr guinea-fowl`)




NO-K?XA-SO (+ skin), NEGRO; Egyptian nHs(jj), Nubian




NO-¿E-K?XA, BLACK




NO-¿E-K?XA-RO (+ high degree), VERY BLACK; IE *noigh-ro- in Latin niger, black

NO-K?XA (negation +), BARE




NO-K?XA-P?FO (+ place), NECK




NO-K?XA-P?FO-THO (+ assemblage), NECK; Egyptian nHb.t, neck




NO-?A-¿E-K?XA (negation +), BARE




NO-?A-¿E-K?XA, NECK; IE *no:ig(h)- (cf. Middle English no:k, angle, corner), neck, in Middle Low German necke, listed incorrectly under 1. ken-, press together, etc.




K?XA-RO (+ raise), BRISTLE UP, BE FRIGHTENED; Egyptian Hr, terror, terrible, terrify (Egyptian Aa19, 'doubtful`, portrays a stylized body with bristles); Sumerian kal-2, *bristle up (J. 640 portrays a feather headdress, and reads kal-2)




K?XA-RHE (+ fall), MANE, AWN; Egyptian H3, *mane (Egyptian F4, 'forepart of lion' shows mane clearly); Sumerian kiri- 5, *mane, *lion (J. 789 shows the forepart of a lion, means 'lion', and reads kiri-5); IE g^her-, *mane (cf. Armenian jar [g^heri], mane of a horse), listed under g^hers-, bristle up; 2. ghers-, names of weeds; g^erzd(h), the prickly, bearded grain, barley; Basque gari, wheat




K?XA-T?O (+ lump), TUFT OF HAIR, SNAG; Egyptian Ht, become entangled (of hair); Sumerian kad/t/T, (hank of) flax, *wool (J. 147)




K?XA-K?XA (+ redulication), ALL HAIRY, LUXURIANT; Chinese qīqī, luxuriant

VERBAL

K?XA, HANG; Chinese qī, (of birds) perch, dwell, stay

K?XA-¿E (+ -like), BE HANGING ON, STAYING; Chinese qí, ride (an animal or bicycle), sit on the back of




K?XA-¿E-SHA (+ immobile), BE HANGING BY ONE'S SELF, ADHERING; IE ghais-, remain fixed, remain stuck, delay




K?XA-¿E-SHA-NHA (+ one), HOSTAGE; IE *ghaisel- in Old High German gi:sal, hostage, listed incorrectly under gheidh-, desire, be covetous




K?XA-FA (+ frequentative), HANG UP, SUSPEND OVER




K?XA-FA-P?A (+ piece), HANG UP LOW, CAUSE TO BE SLIGHTLY SUSPENDED, OVER, CAUSE TO STOOP




K?XA-FA-P?A, BE HANGING UP LOW (INTRANSITIVE), BE HOPPING, MAKING SHORT, QUICK MOVEMENTS, DARTING, STOOPING, CRUMPLING; Egyptian xp, travel, encounter; xp, die; IE gheub(h)- (for *ghauba:-), bend, stoop, move, *hop (cf. Islandic goppa, hop up and down)




K?XA-FA-P?FO (+ leg), LEG-JOINT, KNEE; Egyptian xb, *leg-joint (Egyptian A32, 'man dancing', pictured with one upraised leg bent at the knee'); Sumerian *hup-2, *leg-joint (J. 141 reads hub/p-2, and pictures a leg bent at the knee); IE gheub(h)- (for *ghaubh-), bend, stoop, move, *joint (cf. Polish przegub, joint)




K?XA-FA-P?FO-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO HANG LOOSELY, BECOME LAX, SLUR (SPEECH); Egyptian xbn, distort (speech), be distorted, wrongful; IE *ghaubhol- in English gabble, gobble




K?XA-FA-P?FO, HANG LOOSELY, DANCE, KNEEL; Egyptian xb, dance ; Sumerian (lu-2) hup-2-pu, acrobat (Comb. 704 = J. 611 + J. 141 + J. 675 (LU-2, determinative, man) + hub/p-2 (for *hupu), *be suspended + pu (phonetic determinative); IE gheub(h)- (for *ghaubho:-), bend, stoop, move, *kneel




K?XA-FA-P?FO, BE MAKING TO HANG LOOSELY, SUSPEND LOOSELY, KNEEL ON, OVERPOWER; Egyptian xb, deduct, subtract, reduce, lessen, waste (time), exact (dues), be hushed; Sumerian hub/p-2 (for *hupu-2), overpower (J. 141); IE gheub(h)- (for *ghaub6i-), bend, stoop, move, *suspend over (cf. Lithuanian gaubiù, cover over, wrap around, arch over)




K?XA-FA-P?FO-RE (+ make), KNEEL ON, OVERPOWER, HANG LOOSELY, DISREGARD; Egyptian xb3, destroy, lay waste, ravage, subvert, downcast (of face); Sumerian *hupar, overpower (J. 146 = J. 141, hub/p-2, *knee + J. 684, which reads par (phonetic determinative)




K?XA-FA, OVERFLOW (HANG DOWN SIDES); Egyptian Hw, overflow; Sumerian ha ( *kwa), overflow (J. 271)




K?XA-P?A (+ diminutive), HANG A LITTLE, GAPE SLIGHTLY; IE g^h6b-, gape, listed under 1. g^he:-, be empty, lack; Basque gabe, without; gabetu, deprive of




K?XA-P?FO (+ leg), FORK, GROIN; Sumerian kab/p (for *kap), *groin (J. 141 reads kab/p, and pictures a bent leg)




K?XA-P?FO-NHA, START TO PART INTO A FORK




K?XA-P?FO-NHA, MAKE INTO A FORK; IE ghabh(o)lo-, -la:, branch fork, forking, fork




FA-K?XA (around +), BE SUSPENDED FROM




FA-K?XA-¿E (+ -like), BE SUSPENDING (FROM), LIFTING UP FOR INSPECTION, WEIGHING, CONSIDERING; Egyptian wH('), investigate; wH(') in wH(')-ib, capable of (rather *considering); IE weg^h-, move, pull, drive, and related; *weigh (cf. Old Icelandic vega, move, swing, lift, weigh)




FA-K?XA-¿E-THSO (+ whirl), WAGON; IE *weg^ha-to in Old Indian vahát-, river, vehicle, listed under weg^h-, move, pull, drive, and related




FA-K?XA-¿E-RHE (+ come), DRIVE; Sumerian g~ig~ir, mount a wagon (Comb. 3095 = J. 809 + J. 410 (ri-6, come)




FA-K?XA-¿E-RHE, WAGON; Sumerian g~ig~ir, wagon (J. 834); g~ig~ir-2, wagon; g~ig~ir-3, wagon (J. 860)




FA-K?XA-¿E-THSO (+ twirl), BOAT; Egyptian wH', *boat (Egyptian P4, 'fisherman's boat with net'); IE weg^hi-tho-, *boat (cf. Old Indian vahítra-, vehicle, ship), listed under weg^h-, move, pull, drive, and related




FA-K?XA-¿E-THSO-¿E (+ -like), FISH (WITH NET); Egyptian wH', fisherman, fowler




FA-K?XA-¿E-THSO (+ whirl), DISPERSE; Egyptian wH', loose, release, go home after work (be released), return from (be released from)




FA-K?XA-RE, SUBMERGE; Sumerian g~ig~ri-2, submerge (Comb. 1356 = 2 x J. 398, gir-5)




FA-K?XA-FA-K?XA (+ reduplication), BE TOTALLY LIFTED UP OFF, DISAPPEAR; Egyptian wHwH, disappear

PREPOSITIONAL

K?XA, BEHIND; IE *gha in g^ho:, behind, after, on account of

K?XA-¿E, BEHIND; IE in g^ho:, behind, after, on account of




K?XA-RHE (+ fall), BEHIND; Egyptian H3, behind; Sumerian in egir (this is possibly ?E-K?XA-¿E-RHE = 'no hair' = 'neck'/'back' [for *igêr]), back, backside (J. 416)

K?XE, FACE, FACIAL FEATURES (inanimate: literally, 'what is extended from points in back'); Egyptian *H, *face (Gardiner D2, 'face')

K?XE-FA (+ set), FACES, FACELIKE




K?XE-FA-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO MAKE A FACE, FROWN; Egyptian xn, scowling




K?XE-FA-NHA-¿E (+ like), MAKE FROWN, BE UNPLEASANT; Egyptian xn, rebel; Sumerian hul, evil, despise, spoil, devastate, touch, tease, enemy, devil, laboriously, sickness, trifling, easy, rebellious, anointer (J. 806); hul-3, evil (J. 452); IE g^hwel-, bend one's self, bend away from an upright position (also mentally and conventionally), *unpleasant (cf. Lithuanian atz`ulas, gruff, hard, impolite, pitiless), *evil (cf. Russian zol, evil, bad)




SA-K?XE-FA-NHA-¿E (strong +), BE COMPLETELY UNPLEASANT, SCOWL; IE *skwel- in Modern English scowl




K?XE-RO (+ part), FACE; Egyptian Hr, face (Egyptian D2, 'face'); Sumerian kir-4/kiri-3, face (J. 15); IE g^her6- (listed under 3. g^her-), shine, gleam, shimmer (cf. Russian dialect zorok, face; Czech zrak, face; Polish wzrok, face




K?XE-RO-FA (+ bird), HORUS (EGYPTIAN MARS); Egyptian Hrw, Horus

K?XE, BARE

K?XE-?A (+ stative), BARE, EMPTY; IE 1. g^he:-, be empty, missing; Basque -ge, suffix denoting lack, privation




K?XE-?A-¿E (+ -like), BE EMPTYING OUT; IE g^he:i-, *empty out (cf. Greek khê:ros, robbed, empty), listed under 1. g^he:-, be empty, missing




K?XE-?A-¿E, BE STRIPPING; IE 1. g^he:i-, be empty, missing




K?XE-?A-¿E, WINTER; IE 2. g^hei- : g^hi-, winter, snow




K?XE-?A-¿E, WINTRY, COLD; Chinese qī, chilly, cold, bleak, desolate




K?XE-?A-FA (+ frequentative), EMPTY OUT; IE g^heu- (for *g^he:u-), pour, *empty out (cf. Latin fundo:, pour, let flow, empty out)




K?XE-?A-FA (+ frequentative), CALL OUT; IE g^ha:u-, call out, call to; Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) gaw, call




K?XE-?A-NA (+ one), MOUTH; IE g^han-, yawn, gape, *mouth; Egyptian in Hn', together with (in front of the arm); Tibetan gan, near




K?XE-?A-RO (+ high degree), YARD; Egyptian Hr.t, *yard, in Hr.t(-š), garden (the š is Egyptian N37, 'garden-pool', a semantic determinative for 'yard'; cf. (š-)Hr.t, tomb-garden)




K?XE-?A-SE (+ emit), URINATE; Sumerian kaš-3, urine (J. 427)




K?XE-?A-SE-¿E (+ -like), URINOUS




K?XE-?A-SE-¿E, ANT; Sumerian kiši-9, ant (J. 547); kiši-8, ant (J. 537 - J. 536 + J. 11, pincer); kiši-7, ant (J. 541 = J. 536, *harub(u), ant + J. 541, ki/e-2); IE: cf. English pismire




K?XE-?A-SE-MHA (+ ant), ANT; Sumerian kisim-3 (for *kišim), *ant (J. 551 reads kisim- 3, and means 'a kind of grasshopper, and is a compound of J. 536, *harub(u), ant + J. 894, si- 6 + J. 120, maš-2); IE: cf. English pismire




K?XE-?A-SE-T?O (+ lump), ANTHILL; Sumerian *kûšid, *anthill (J. 540 means 'insect', and is composed of J. 536, *harub(u), ant, and J. 104, šid-2); IE: cf. English pismire




K?XE-?A-SE, EXCREMENT; Egyptian Hs, excrement




K?XE-FA (+ frequentative), POUR OUT; IE g^heu-, pour

K?XE, GAPE

K?XE-?A (+ stative), GAPE; IE 2. g^he:-, gape, yawn, split open




K?XE-?A-¿E (+ -like), HUNGER, YEARN, (VOLITIVE); Sumerian he-2, precative (really volitive) (J. 271); IE g^he:i-, yearn (cf. OHG gi:ri, desirous), listed under 2. g^he:-, gape, yawn, split open; 2. g^(h)i/i:, emphasizing particle (cf. Sanskrit hi, emphatic with imperatives, indeed, assuredly), listed under ghe (for *g^he), particle




K?XE-?A-FA (+ frequentative), DESIRE; Egyptian Hw, would that!; Sumerian ha, precative (really voluntary) (J. 961); IE g^he:u-, *desire (cf. Anglo-Saxon giwian, desire, demand (yearn for something with an open mouth), listed under 2. g^he:-, gape, yawn, split open




K?XE-¿E-RE, MOAN; Egyptian H3, mourn, wail, screech; IE 1. gher- (for *g^hir- - cf. Latin hirrīe, moan, grumble), in words for sounds, mostly only later parallel word creations, mostly with expressive vowel change and gemination; Chinese qì, weep, sob




K?XE-?A-RHE (+ come), DO GLADLY; Egyptian H3, would that; IE *g^he:-r-, do gladly, in OHG gi:ri, desirous, listed under 2. g^he:-, gape, yawn, split open; g^here:(i)- (for *g^he:re:), hunger, listed under 1. g^her-, desire, enjoy; Chinese qià, be in harmony, agree

VERBAL

K?XE, SPLIT OPEN/OFF (Egyptian M16, 'clump of papyrus')

K?XE-¿E (+ -like), (CLEARED) EARTH, SOIL; Sumerian ki/e, earth (J. 812)




SA-K?XE-¿E, COMPLETELY CLEAR; IE ske:i- (for *sk^e:i), cut, separate, decide




K?XE-¿E (+ -like), SUCH, THOSE (SPLIT OFF); IE *g^hei in Greek -khí, strengthening particle, listed under ghe-, gho-, and similar enclitic particles for strengthening the previous word; Chinese qí, his, her, its, their, he, she, it, they, that, such




K?XE-¿E, SCRAPE; IE g^hei-, wound, etc.




K?XE-FA, LOOSENED, EXCAVATION; Chinese qiū, grave, pond, pool




K?XE-FA-¿E (+ -like), EXCAVATION; IE g^heweya: (for *g^hewi- - cf. Greek kheiá, hollow, hiding-place), listed under gheweya:, excavation, hollow




K?XE-MA (+ mound), (CLEARED) EARTH, SOIL; IE g^h(dh)m- (for *g^he-mo-), earth, soil




K?XE-MA, FARMER; IE g^hemo:-, man (cf. Old Latin hemo;, man ('clearer (of forest)'), listed under g^hdhem- (for *g^he-mo-), earth, soil; notice Egyptian Hm.t, woman; Sumerian gimu, woman; is this an indication that women were the original farmers?; gim-3, slave (farmer?)




K?XE-MHA (+ tool), AX; Sumerian kim, *ax (J. 785 reads kim, and pictures an ax); gim-2, ax (J. 968 reads gim-23 and means 'ax')




K?XE-RE (+ scratch), BARE, STRIP(PED), CATGUT; Egyptian H3, run aground; Sumerian kir-2, catgut (J. 765); IE 2. g^her-, scratch, slit, scrape; 5. g^her-, intestine; Chinese qì, engrave, carve; Tibetan sgren-mo (s-gre-n-mo), naked




K?XE-RE, BE RUBBED; IE 2. gher- (for *g^her-), pass over hard, rub




K?XE-RE-NA (+ ingressive), START TO RUB APART; IE ghren-, pass over sharply, rub apart; Arabic jarana/yajrunu, grind wheat, be worn out




K?XE-RE-?A (+ stative), GLEAM DULLY, POLISHED; IE g^hre:- (listed under 3. g^her-), shine, gleam, shimmer




K?XE-RE-?A-FA (+ frequentative), MAKE GLEAM DULLY, POLISH; IE 2. ghre:u- (for *gh^re:u-), rub over vigorously, rub apart




K?XE-RE-?A-THO (+ assemblage), CLOUD




K?XE-RE-?A-THO-¿E (+ -like), CLOUDINESS, BLEARINESS (OF EYE); Egyptian H3.tj, cloudiness, bleariness (of eye)




K?XE-RE-¿E (+ -like), BE STRIPPING




K?XE-RE-¿E, BARE, CLOUDY WHITE, SWINE; Sumerian kir(i), pig (J. 643); kir-5, old (gray) (J. 112); IE g^hre:i- (listed under 3. g^her-, shine, gleam, shimmer), gray, old, pig (cf. Modern High German greis, gray, old - Swedish-Danish gris, pig)




K?XE-RE-¿E-¿E (+ -like),BE STRIPPING ONE'S SELF, BE NAKED, GREEK; Egyptian H3jj, be naked; H3(ii).w nb.w, Aegean islanders, Greeks; IE *ghre:i- in Latin Gra:ius, Greek




K?XE-RE, DESERT; Egyptian H3, the desert-god; IE 2. gher-, sweep over hardly, rub (for *g^her-, *desert - cf. Greek kherás, gravel); Chinese qì, moraine, desert




SA-K?XE-RE (strong +), STRIP COMPLETELY; Egyptian sH3, strip, reveal; IE 4. (s)ker-, cut, *strip off (cf. Armenian k'erem, scratch, shave)




K?XE-¿E, SLOPING




K?XE-¿E-QO, SLOPE; IE geig^(h)- (for *geingy-), sloping, turned diagonally downward, lying diagonally, bent, squinting; Tibetan in gyiq-mo, gently sloping; gradually descending or subsiding; Gliq, Tibet (from l-gyiq)

BODY

K?XO, THROAT, PASSAGE, TUNNEL (inanimate: literally, 'what is extended to points in back'); Sumerian ka, *throat (J. 15 reads ka, and means 'mouth' but ku-x); Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) ku(w), mouth

K?XO-¿E (+ -like), STRANGLE; in IE *ghei- in AS gi:pian, gasp for breath, listed under 2. hē-, yawn, gape




K?XO-K?XO (+ reduplication), THROAT; Egyptian xx, throat; Sumerian gugu (for *kuku-x), throat (J. 15)




K?XO-K?XO, LAUGH; IE gha-gha, laugh; Egyptian, cf. xx, throat; Tibetan in ga-ga tshil, tickle

MINERAL

K?XO, (TUBULAR) HOLE, SHADE, BLACK, EMPTY; Sumerian ka-4, hole (J. 103); for ku-x (v. supra)

K?XO-¿E (+ -like), PIT; IE in gh6(w)i(a:) (for *gh6i- - cf. Latin fovea, ditch, depression),listed under gheweya: (g^heweya:), excavation, depression; Chinese qú, canal, ditch, channel


cf. Modern High German Gau, land, region), yawn, gape , listed under g^he:u- : g^ho:(u)- : g^heu-, yawn, gape; Chinese qū, area, district, region



K?XO-FA, EMPTY, FALSE; Egyptian xw(w), baseness, wrongdoing; IE ghawo- (for *ghow-), false, fabricated; Chinese qū, bent, crooked, wrong, unjustifiable




K?XO-FA-NA (+ ingressive), START TO SOUND; Egyptian xn, play music; IE g^hwen-, sound




K?XO-NA (+ one), HOLE




K?XO-NA-THO (+ assemblage), RACK; Egyptian xn.t, jar-rack (a mistaken reading of Egyptian W17, 'water-pots in a rack', which is properly *jn.t, HHA-NO-THO, jar-rack); IE ghend-, hold, take hold of, grasp




K?XO-NHA (+ ingressive), CALL; IE ghel-, call, cry; Egyptian xn, speech, utterance




K?XO-RE (+ make), YARD; Egyptian x3, office, bureau; IE 4. g^her- (for *ghor-), grip, hold, enclose, include, *yard (cf. g^hor-to-s, fenced place, and Greek khoros, dance-place); Armenian jor, valley, listed under g^heu-, pour; Basque gorta, stable, stall

K?XO-RHE (+ come), GROW; Sumerian kur-9, bear (better grow) (J. 99); IE ghre:-, *grow, listed under 3. gher-, stick out; (ghre:-), grow, sprout




K?XO-RHE-FA (+ set), PLANTS; Egyptian x3.w, plants




K?XO-RHE, ENTER; Sumerian kur-9, enter (J. 99); Egyptian x3, investigate; Arabic jarra/yajurru, induce




K?XO-RHE, ENTRANCE; Egyptian x3, hall (entrance)




SA-K?XO-RHE (strong +), REMEMBER (CAUSE TO ENTER); Egyptian sx3, remember




SA-K?XO-RHE (strong +), SPEND THE NIGHT; Egyptian sx3, spend the night




K?XO-RHE (+ fall), FALL INTO




K?XO-RHE-FHA (+ frequentative), FALL INTO; Egyptian xr (for *x3w), fall; Sumerian kur-3 (for *kuru-3), fall (J. 187); IE 1. ghre:u-, fall together, fall into, fall on

KHXA, BEE, (animate: literally, 'who extends himself over points in back' [hangs in a hive]); Japanese ka, mosquito

KHXA-¿E, BEELIKE, YELLOW




KHXA-FHA (+ set), SWEET; Sumerian ku-7, sweet, mead, fat (J. 186)




KHXA-NA (+ one), BEE




KHXA-NA, HUM, BUZZ (TRANSITIVE); IE kan- (for *k(h)a:n-), sing; Arabic in ghanna/yaghannu, sing, recite verses




KHXA-NA-KHO (+ little), HONEY-YELLOW; IE k_en6kó, honey-yellow, golden yellow




KHXA-NO (+ jar), BEE-HIVE




KHXA-NO-QE (+ juice), HONEY; IE *k(h)a/a:neng-, honey, in OHG honang, honey, listed under k_en6kó, honey-yellow, golden yellow; Egyptian Hnk.t, beer (mead)

VERBAL - AFFECTIVE/EFFECTIVE

KHXA, BURNING SENSATION

KHXA-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO STING, PENETRATE; IE 2. kel- (for *k(h)a:l-; cf. New Welsh cal, penis), stick; Arabic ghalla/yaghillu, to insert a thing into another, penetrate




KHXA-PHA (+ diminutive), BE STINGING A LITTLE, PINCHED, GRASPED; IE kap-, grasp




KHXA-PHA-¿E (+ -like), BE HURTING A LITTLE, PINCHING, GRASPING; IE *kapi-, grasp (cf. Latin capio:, take), listed under kap-, grasp




KHXA-PHA-THO (+ assemblage), BE REPEATEDLY GRASPING AT, CLUTCHING AT; Egyptian Hpt, embrace; IE kapto-, grasp (cf. Greek kápto:, catch at, swallow; Latin capta:re, seek to get hold of), listed under kap-, grasp




KHXA-PHA-THO-¿E (+ -like), HANDFUL; Egyptian Hpt, armful; IE *kapati-, handful (in Old Indian kapaTi:, two handfuls), listed under kap-, grasp

VERBAL - EFECTIVE

KHXA, STING, STICK

KHXA-¿E (+ -like), BE STICKING (STINGING); Egyptian Hj, drive in mooring post (listed as Hw); Sumerian ki-3, plant (vb.) (J. 159); IE (s)k(h)ai- (for *ka:i-), beat, whack, *stick (cf. Armenian xait', stick)




KHXA-¿E, STING (TRANSITIVE), MAKE STING (BEAT); Sumerian ki/e-2, *hurt, *sickness (J. 131 reads ki/e-2, and means 'hurt, sickness'); IE (s)k(h)ai- (for *k(h)a:i-), beat, whack, *stick (cf. Armenian xait', stick)




KHXA-¿E-FA (+ set), BURNING; IE 2. k^e:u- (for *k(h)ya:u-) : k6u-, ku:-, ignite,burn up; Chinese kû, bitter




KHXA-¿E-T?A (+ give), MAKE PAINFUL; IE k^a:d- (for *k(h)ya:d-; cf. Greek ké:do:, trouble, sadden, also damage, hurt), ill feeling, grief, hatred; Sumerian kid-5/-6, be inimical, drive away (J. 655)




KHXA-¿E-T?A, CLUB APART; IE (s)k(h)ai-d- (for *ka:idai-), *club apart (cf. Latin caedo:, hew, beat, strike dead), listed under (s)k(h)ai-, beat, cuff




KHXA-¿E-T?A, SLAP; IE (s)k(h)ai-d- (for *khaidi- - cf. Latin caia [*caidya:], caning, *slap (see before), listed under (s)k(h)ai-, beat, cuff




KHXA-¿E, CLUB; Sumerian ki/e-2, *club (J. 131 reads ki/e-2, and means 'staff'); IE k(h)ai-, *club (cf. Middle High German heie, mallet, wooden hammer, drop-hammer), listed under (s)k(h)ai-, beat, cuff




KHXA-¿E-RHE (+ come), ILLUMINATE (BY FLASHING); Egyptian H3, shine, illuminate; Sumerian kiri-5, *illuminate (J. 789 reads kiri-5, and means 'light, day')




KHXA-¿E-RHE-¿E (+ like), BE FLASHING; Egyptian in H3jj, shine, illuminate; Sumerian kiri-5, *be flashing (J. 789 reads kiri-5, and means 'storm-demon'); IE k^rei- (for *k^(h)re:i-), shine forth, distinguish one's self




KHXA-¿E-T?SA (+ ovoid), MACE/CLUB; Egyptian HD/, mace (Egyptian T3, 'mace with pear-shaped head (vertical)'); Sumerian kid-4 (for *kit-x), *club (J. 580 reads kid-4, and means 'club')




KHXA-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), FRIGHT OF BEING HURT; Sumerian kid-5/6 (for *kit-x), *be frightened (J. 655 reads kid-5/6, and kad/t/t*-4/5, and means 'be inimical, drive off'); IE khai-t- (for *khaite:-), *be frightened (cf. Armenian xit'am, be fearful), listed under (s)k(h)ai-, beat, cuff




KHXA-¿E, BE HEATED; IE 3. ka/a:i-, heat




KHXA-¿E-T?A (+ give), BURNING; IE ka:id-, hot, listed under 3. ka/a:i-, heat




KHXA-¿E-T?A-¿E (+ beam), GLITTER; Egyptian HD, white, bright; IE 2. k^ad- (for *k(h)adi- - cf. Middle Irish ca:(i)d, holy), glitter, be resplendent, excel




KHXA-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), HEAT; IE ka:it-, *heat, listed under 3. ka/a:i-, heat; Tibeto-Burman kyit, burn, scratch


KHXA-HA (+ stative), BE STUCK, STUNG




KHXA-HA-THSE (+ stick into), HURT; Egyptian HD, injure, destroy, disobey, annul, upset, waste, eclipse, be destroyed, perished, lacking, fail, damage, destruction; Sumerian kad/t/T-4/5, *hurt (J. 655 reads kad/t/T-4/5, and means 'be inimical, drive off')




SA-KHXA-HA-THSE (strong +), HURT SEVERELY, DAMAGE, INJURE; IE ske:th- - cf. Anglo-Saxon skađian, damage), damage




VERBAL - AFFECTIVE/EFFECTIVE

KHXA, HURT




KHXA-FA (+ frequentative), HURT; Egyptian Hw, hit; Sumerian ku-13, beat apart (J. 380); IE ka:u-, beat, hew (hew is from *k(h)o:u- from KHXO-FA)




KHXA-FHA (+ wind), CRY; IE ka/a:u- (for *k(h)a:u- - cf. Greek kō-kúō, cry, lament), ke/e:u-, ku:-, cry; Chinese kū, cry, weep




KHXA, HUM, BUZZ, SING




KHXA-FHA (+ frequentative), HUM, APPROVE (OF), LISTEN; IE keu- (for*k(h)awy-/*ka:wy- - cf. Sanskrit kaví-, smart, wise; Greek koéo:, notice, hear), skeu-, heavy basis ke:u-, pay attention to (observe, watch), then hear, feel, notice




KHXA-FHA-¿E (+ -like), APPROVED OF, WISE; IE keu- (for *k(h)awy-/*ka:wy- - cf. Sanskrit kaví-, smart, wise; Greek koéo:, notice, hear), skeu-, heavy basis ke:u-, pay attention to (observe, watch), then hear, feel, notice




KHXA-FHA-SE (+ emit), APPROVE OF, PRAISE; IE keu-s-, pay attention to, (observe, watch), then hear, feel, notice listed under 1. keu-; Egyptian H(w)z, praise, favor




KHXA, POINTED




KHXA-?A (+ plant), REED; Tibetan ka-a, post (pillar)




KHXA-?A-¿E (+ -like), FLAX




KHXA-?A-¿E-RE (+ -make), THREAD; Sumerian kir-3, *net (J. 834 reads kir-3, and means 'net'); IE *k(h)yari-, *thread (cf. Greek kairos, strings to bind the weaving fabric), listed under 3. k^er-, string, etc.




KHXA-?A-NA (+ one), REED; Egyptian Hn(j), rush, *reed; (Egyptian M2, 'herb'); Sumerian *kan-4, reed (*J. 131 - J.271 reads kan and qan, and means 'a reed stand for a vessel'; J. 131 reads qan-2, and means 'reed'; we assume an unrecorded kan-4, reed, for J. 131); IE kanna (for *ka?na) in Greek kanna, reed, cane




KHXA-?A-NA-FA (+ set), ROD; Sumerian *kan-4, rod (*J. 131 - J. 271 reads kan and qan, and means 'a reed stand for a vessel'; J. 131 reads qan-2, and means 'staff'; we assume an unrecorded kan-4, staff, for J. 131); IE *ka?nwa in Greek kanón, rod




KHXA-?A-NA-FA, TUBE; Sumerian *kan-4, tube (*J. 131 - J. 271 reads kan and qan, and means 'a reed stand for a vessel'; J. 131 reads qan-2, and means 'tube'; we assume an unrecorded kan-4, tube, for J. 131); Akkadian qanû, pipe




KHXA-?A-NA-FA, VESSEL; Egyptian Hn.w, vessel




KHXA-?A-THO (+ assemblage), LINEN; Sumerian kad/t, *linen (J. 147 reads kad/t, and means 'linen'); IE 1. kat-, turn together by twisting into chains, cords, trellis-work, *netting (cf. Latin cassis, hunter's net)




KHXA-¿E (+ -like), REED; Sumerian ki/e-2, *reed (J. 131 reads ki/e-2, and means 'reed')




KHXA-¿E-RE (+ make), SPIN (INTO THREAD); Sumerian kir-5, *spin (J. 112 reads kir-5, and means 'spin'); IE 3. k^er- (for *k(h)yar-), string, weaving thread, plait, attach




KHXA-¿E-RE-¿E, BAND; Sumerian kiri-2, *band (J. 170 reads kiri-2, and means 'band'); IE *k^ereya: (for *k(h)yareya:), *band, listed under 3. k^er-, string, etc.

KHXA-¿E-RE-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), BANDAGE; Egyptian H3jj.t, bandage




MO-KHXA-¿E (wood +), FLAX; Egyptian mHj, flax




KHXA-FA, PICK OUT (AFTER BURNING), HOLLOW OUT; IE ka:u-, hew, beat (cf. Latin caudica, a boat made from a tree trunk); Chinese ku, hollow out

KHXA-FA-PHA (+ diminutive), BE HOLLOWING OUT SLIGHTLY; IE ku:pa:, cavity, hollow vessel, listed under 2. keu-, bend, etc.; Tibetan kup, anus (cf. Old Indian kú:pa, ditch, hollow)




PLANT

KHXA, PEG




QHE-HA-KHXA (sharply angled +), BE SUSPENDED (ON A PEG); IE 2. k^a/a:k-, bough, branch, peg; Egyptian qH (usually written q'H, a convention that grew out of the use of Gardiner's D41, 'forearm with palm of hands downward' as a determinative; its use for 'elbow, shoulder', then 'arm' shows that the basic meaning is 'point of suspension', secondarily, 'what is suspended'), elbow, arm, shoulder, corner, bend; note qH m Dr.t, 'bend to one's will', rather &'dangle from the hand'); Tibetan kyak-pa, weigh







---




* * *





KHXE

TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic


Chinese: K?X=q K?XA qi; K?XE qi; K?XO qu Tibetan K?XA/O=g; initial K?XE=gy Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) K?XO=ku K?XE=g; K?XE-"HHA=ga








DEER

FAST

ANTLER

IMPORTANT

SERVICE

THROW

DANCE

ANIMAL

KHXE, DEER, FAST (animate: literally, 'who extends himself from points in back' (rubs off his velvet)




KHXE-¿E (+ -like), FAST, HURRY; IE *k^e:-, *run (cf. Greek kio:, go away, drive), listed under ke:i- (for *k^(h)e:i-), set in movement, be in movement (cf. ke:i-bh-/ke:i-gh-, fast); Sumerian ke-6 (for *kî-x), hurry (J. 410 reads ke-6, and means 'hurry'); Tibeto-Burman in m-kyit, move; k(y)at, run, dance, kick (cf. Latin cito:, set in motion [*ke:it- = KHXE-¿E-THO])

KHXE-¿E, ANTLER(-TINE), POINTED; IE k^e:(i)- : k^o:(i)- : k^6(i)-, sharpen, hone; Nama /kxê, pointed




KHXE-MA (+ breast), DOE, ANTLER/HORNLESS; IE 2. k^em- (for *k^(h)em-), hornless; Egyptian Hm, coward




KHXE-RA (+ tree), ANTLER(S); IE 1. k^er- (for *k^(h)er-), (horn), antler




KHXE-RA-¿E (+ like), ANTLERED; Sumerian kir-6, cattle [antlered for horned] (J.763)




KHXE-RA-¿E, CHIP OFF AS WITH AN ANTLER-TINE; PIE 4. k^er(6)-, 'damage'; intransitive 'fall apart, moulder', *conquer (cf. Greek keraídzo:, 'lay waste, plunder')




KHXE-RE (+ make), SHED; PIE 4. k^er(6)-, 'damage'; intransitive 'fall apart, moulder'




KHXE-RO (+ part), TRACK




KHXE-RO-THO (+ assemblage), TRACK; Egyptian Hr.t, way




KHXE-RO-THO-¿E, ROAD




KHXE-RO-THO-¿E, TRAVEL BY ROAD; Egyptian Hr.t.jj, travel by land; IE *k^erti-, *hurry (cf. Anglo-Saxon hradian, hurry, and IE k^ers-, run), listed under 2. (s)ker-, jump, jump around, move one's self in a circle, swing




PHA-KHXE-RO (over +), RACE




PHA-KHXE-RO-RO (+ reduplication), BE RACING; Egyptian pHrr, run




PHA-KHXE-RO-THO (+ assemblage), RACECOURSE; Egyptian pHr.t, course




SA-KHXE-RO (strong +), MAKE RUN, DRIVE OFF; Egyptian sHr, drive off, remove, deliver from




VERBAL - EFFECTIVE

KHXE, RUN




KHXE-¿E, MAKE RUN, DRIVE; Egyptian H(w), drive off; IE ke:i- (for *k^(h)e:i-), set in movement, be in movement; Sumerian ke-6, hurry (J. 410 reads ke-6, and means 'hurry')




KHXE-¿E-FA (+ frequentative), START ONE'S SELF GOING; Egyptian Hw, tread, roam; IE kyeu- (for *k^(h)ya:u-), get going, listed under ke:i- (for *k^(h)e:i-), set in movement, be in movement




KHXE-NA (+ ingressive), START BEING FAST, WORK; Egyptian Hn, occupy one's hands; Sumerian kin (J. 900), work, send; IE 4. ken- (for *k(h)^e/e:n-), busy one's self, strive ardently, spout; Arabic ghanna, be lively; Basque ekin, persist, continue, keep on (doing), attempt, undertake; Tibetan in -mkhan, to be skilled (active) in




KHXE-NA-¿E (+ -like), BE CAUSING TO START RUNNING; Arabic ghaniya, occupy a place




KHXE-NA-FA (+ frequentative), ERRANDS




KHXE-NA-FA-THO (+ assemblage), SERVICE




KHXE-NA-FA-THO-¿E; SERVANT; Egyptian Hnw.tjj, 'servant' (cf. Greek egkonís, servant-woman, listed under IE 4. ken- (for *k^(h)e/e:n-), busy one's self, strive ardently, spout)




KHXE-NA-THO (+ assemblage); FAST ACTIVITY; Egyptian Hn.t, occupation, craft




KHXE-HA (+ stative), BE RUNNING; Sumerian ka-7, run (J. 398); IE *k^e:-, *run (cf. Greek kio:, go away, drive), listed under ke:i- (for *k^(h)e:i-), set in movement, be in movement (cf. ke:i-bh-/ke:i-gh-, fast)




KHXE-HA-RE (+ make), CAUSE TO RUN AWAY, SCARE; Sumerian kar(a)-2, drive away (J. 655); IE 2. (s)ker-, jump, jump around, also and really move (one's self) by turning, swing; possibly in k^er6-, mix, stir into




KHXE-HA-RHE (+ come), RUN AWAY, FLEE; Sumerian kar(a), run fast, flee (J. 680 + J. 949 [also reads e-4); IE 7. ker-, jump, turn; 2. (s)ker-, jump, jump around, also and really move (one's self) by turning, swing; in 2. k^ers-, run




KHXE-HA-SHE (+ separate one's self), MAKE A DASH FOR; Sumerian kaš-4, run, race (J. 398)




KHXE-FA, CAUSE TO MAKE A RUN, THROW; IE in sk^(h)eu-, throw, shoot, push, shoot toward (intransitive); Sumerian ku, throw (J. 893)




KHXE-FHA (+ frequentative), MAKE TO GO FAST; IE in sk^(h)e:u-, throw, shoot, push, shoot toward (intransitive)




KHXE-NHA (+ ingressive), JUMP; IE 5. kel- (for *k^el-), drive, force into fast motion; (s)k^(h)el-, jump; Sumerian kil, run, race (J. 834 reads kil, and means 'run, race')




KHXE-RO (+ high degree), HURRY, JUMP; Egyptian Hr, be far from, remove one's self from (run from); Sumerian kil, run, race (J. 834 reads kil, and means 'run, race')




KHXE-RO-SHE (+ separate), GO FAST; 2. IE k^ers-, run, wagon




KHXE-RHE, DANCE; Egyptian H3, dance




SA-KHXE-RHE (strong +), DANCE; IE skre:- (for *sk^(h)re:-), *dance (cf. Greek skairo:, jump, hop, dance), listed under 2. (s)ker-, jump, jump around, move one's self in a circle, swing




KHXE-RHE, JUMP




SA-KHXE-RHE, JUMP HIGH; IE sker6- (for *sk^er6i-), 2. (s)ker-, jump, jump around, also and really: move in a turn, swing




KHXE-SHE, CAUSE TO MAKE A DASH FOR; Sumerian ki/e/š-2, chase, drive (J. 281)




VERBAL - AFFECTIVE

KHXE, ANTLER




KHXE-RA (+ tall), TALL, IMPORTANT, SUPERIOR; IE 1. k^er-, peak




KHXE-RA-¿E (+ -like), IMPORTANT; Sumerian kiri-5, powerful (J. 789); IE k^rei- (for *k^(h)rai-), shine forth, distinguish one's self




KHXE-RA, SKY; Sumerian kiraši consists of J. 636 (aš-2), 949(a), and 14, which means 'sky'; we assume *kir-7, *sky); kir-5, *sky (J. 112 reads kir-5, and means 'sky')




KHXE-RA-T?O (+ organ), HEART; Egyptian H3t, heart; IE k^e:rd-, heart, listed under (k^ered-)




KHXE-RA-T?O-¿E (+ -like), HEART; Egyptian H3tj(j), heart; IE k^e:rdi- (cf. Armenian sirt, heart), listed under k^ered-), heart




KHXE-RA-T?O-T?SO (+ hold), TRUST; Egyptian H3t-', local nomarch (trustee); IE k^red-dhe:- (for *k^(h)rad-dho), trust, listed under (k^ered-), heart




KHXE-RA-THO (+ assemblage), FOREHEAD, FOREMOST; Egyptian H3.t, forehead, foremost




KHXE-RO (+ part), TOP; Egyptian Hr(w), upper part, top (Egyptian N1, 'sky')




KHXE-RO-THO (+ assemblage), SKY; Egyptian Hr.t, sky







---




* * *












KHXO

TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic


Chinese: K?X=q K?XA qi; K?XE qi; K?XO qu Tibetan K?XA/O=g; initial K?XE=gy Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) K?XO=ku K?XE=g; K?XE-"HHA=ga







MOLLUSC

MONEY

ENCLOSED

CUT

NOISE

ANIMAL

KHXO, MOLLUSC, SHELL (animate: literally, 'who extends himself over points in back' [makes a hole]); Sumerian ku-6, (shell-)fish (J. 962); Japanese kóo, shell




KHXO-¿E (+ -like), SHELLFISHLIKE, SHINY, PEARLY WHITE; Sumerian ku-3, pure, bright (J. 819 depicts a mollusc shell); Basque -ki in itsaski, shellfish (itsaso, sea)




KHXO-¿E-FA (+ set), SEASHELLS




KHXO-¿E-FA-KHO (+ little), COWRY, MONEY; Sumerian kug, silver, bright, pure, purification




KHXO-¿E-FA-KHO-¿E (+ -like), SHINY, PEARLY WHITE; IE k^euk-, shine, bright, be white, glow (cf. Sanskrit Sukti-, fem. mussel)




KHXO-¿E, PAN




KHXO-FHA (+ set), SHELLFISH (PLURAL)




KHXO-FHA-T?A (+ allot), WEALTHY; Egyptian xwd, rich, wealthy




KHXO-FHA-T?SE (+ release), SHELLFISHERMAN




KHXO-FHA-T?SE-FA (+ frequentative), SHELLFISHERMEN; Egyptian xwD.w, class of fisherman




KHXO-HHA (+ water), SHELLFISH; Sumerian kua, (shell-)fish (J. 962)




VERBAL - AFFECTIVE

KHXO, BE ENCLOSED BY ONE'S SELF, COVERED, HIDDEN




KHXO-PHO (+ thumb), ENCLOSE ONE'S SELF TIGHTLY, CLAIM; IE 1. (s)kep- (for *k(h)o:p-; cf. Greek skepáo:, cover, enclose, protect; Sumerian kub/p-3 (for *kubu-3; J. 141 also reads gub(u)-3), overpower (J. 141 reads kub/p-3, and means 'overpower'; pictures a bent left leg, at the back of which are the human hamstrings); IE *ko:pui-, capture (cf. Latin capio:, take), listed under kap-, grasp; Egyptian xf, plunder; in xf', grasp, capture; Arabic ghaffa/yaghaffu, take what is sufficient for sustenance




KHXO-PHO-RE (+ make), ENCLOSE SOMEONE TIGHTLY, CAPTURE, HUMBLE; Sumerian kub/p-2 (for *kubar; Comb. J. 146 = J. 141 (*kubu-3) + 146 (bar-11)), throw down, beat down (J. 146)




KHXO-PHO-T?SO (+ hold), GRASP; Egyptian xf', fist (rather 'grasp')




KHXO-NHA (+ ingessive), START TO CLOSE ON ONE'S SELF, SQUAT, CRUMPLE; IE 4. (s)kel-, bend, lean, crooked (also morally: wrong, unjust), bend; especially in names for body parts: flexible joint, heel, knee, hip




KHXO-NHA, CRUMPLED, BADLY BENT, IMMORAL; Egyptian xn, scowling, rebel; IE 4. (s)kel-, bend, lean, crooked (also morally: wrong, unjust), bend; especially in names for body parts: flexible joint, heel, knee, hip




SA-KHXO-NHA (strong +), START TO CLOSE ON ONE'S SELF COMPLETELY, CRUMPLE UP; IE skhel-, stumble, misstep




KHXO-MO (+ overall), VERY CLOSED, IGNORANT; IE 1. kem-, press together; Egyptian xm, not know




VERBAL - EFFECTIVE

KHXO, BE SCRAPED, CUT (OUT), EXCAVATED; Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) in r-ko-t (also r-go-t), dig out, scoop up




KHXO-¿E (+ -like), BE SCRAPING, CUTTING; IE ske:i, cut, separate, leave; Sumerian ki-5, *cut (J. 785 means 'build', pictures an adze, and reads ki-5)




KHXO-¿E-FA (+ frequentative), HAVE SCRAPED OFF, CLEANSED; IE 2. k^eu-, shine, bright, *clean (cf. Armenian srbem, cleanse, make holy {k^eu-bh-ro} and Sanskrit Súndhati, cleanses {k^eu-n-dh-})




KHXO-FHA (+ frequentative), BE SCRAPED OFF, SEPARATED; Egyptian xw, protect, exclude, set aside, avoid, prevent, exempt (Egyptian D43, 'forearm with hand holding flagellum S45', a device for separating husks from grain; Sumerian ku- 5, cut (J. 13); IE k6u- (for *ko:u-), hew, beat (listed under ka:u-)




SA-KHXO-FHA (strong +), BE COMPLETELY SCRAPED OFF; Egyptian sxw, slaughter-house; IE 6. ske:u- (for *sko:u-), listed under 6. ske:u-(t-), cut, separate, score, poke, hunt about; (s)ku/u:-ti-, skin, listed under 2. (s)keu-, cover, envelop




KHXO-FHA, SCRAPED WITH A STRIGIL, CLEANSED; Sumerian ku-3, pure, bright (J. 819 depicts a mollusc shell)




KHXO-KHXO (+ reduliaction), ALL SCRAPED OFF, CLEANSED; Sumerian kuk-2, *cleanse (J. 819 depicts a mollusc shell, and means 'pure, bright')




SHE-KHXO (separate +), SAW APART; IE 2. se/e:k-, : (sekyo-, skin); Basque saki, incision; Sumerian sig-4 (for *Sek-x), *engrave, *husk (J. 937 reads sig-4, and means engrave, husk




VERBAL - EFFECTIVE

KHXO, CUT/BREAK THROUGH, EMERGE




KHXO-T?SO (+ tool), HELM(ET-CREST); Egyptian x'(w), crown (Egyptian N28, 'hill over which are the rays of the rising sun', really 'helm(et) with crest'); perhaps the idea is what can be seen over the melêe: a rallying point; Sumerian (KUŠ)-ka-du-3 (for *ka-tu-x), leather container (or helmet?) (Comb. 35: J. 8, ka + J. 454, du-3); IE kadh- (for *k(h)6dh- - cf. Anglo-Saxon ho:d, cap), protect, cover protectively, *helmet (cf. OHG huot, hat, crest, helm(et)




KHXO-T?SO-HA (+ stative), CREST (VERB); Egyptian x', rise (sun), appear in glory (god or king), be shining (*start shining, *crest)




KHXO-T?SO-¿E (+ like), CREST; Egyptian x'/, (crest of a) hill




VERBAL - EFFECTIVE

KHXO, (RE)SOUND




KHXO-NHA (+ move back and forth), MAKE NOISE; IE 6. kel-, call, cry, make noise, (re)sound; Egyptian xn, speech, utterance, clap hands, make music; Arabic ghulghulatun, confused clamors







---





* * *









- M -



TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic


Chinese: M=m Tibetan ME=m Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) ME-¿E=mi









MA






BREAST

YOUNG

SOLDIER

RIPE

FULL

THICK

THERE

AREA

BODY

MA, FEMALE BREAST, MOTHER (inanimate: literally,'what is at rest on an area'); Chinese mā, mother




MA-FA (+ set), PAIR OF BREASTS; Sumerian mu-10 (for *mû-10), woman (J. 919); Chinese mû, mother, one's female elders, female (animal), nut, origin, parent




MA-FA-MA (+ breast), AUNT; IE *moma: in OHG muoma, aunt, listed under 3. ma:-, mother




MA-FA-THO (+ feminine), MOTHER; Egyptian mw.t, mother; Sumerian mud/t/T (for *mûd/t/T), bear (child) (J. 127); IE *ma:u-to- in Lithuanian mote, woman, wife, listed under ma:tér, mother




MA-FA-THO-RO (+ high degree), MOTHER; IE ma:tér (for *mwa:t6r - cf. Anglo-Saxon mo:dor, mother), mother




MA-HA (+ stative), MOTHER (NURSER); IE 3. ma:-, mother; Arabic *mah in plural of ?ummun, mother: ?ummahâtun




MA-HA-¿E (+ -like), MOTHERLY; Sumerian me (for *mê) or mi-3, mother (J. 889)




MA-HA-NA (+ one), MOTHER; IE *ma:n, *mother (cf. Modern Greek manna, mother), listed under 3. ma:-, mother




MA-HA-MA-HA (+ reduplication), NURSER, MOTHER; IE ma:ma:, mother, listed under 3. ma:




MA-NA (+ one), BREAST




MA-K?XA (+ hang), YOUTH; IE magh- in maghos, young




MA-K?XE (+ strip from), SOLDIERS; Egyptian mš(.w) (for *mH.w - the forearm (Gardiner D36) is a mistake for Gardiner D42, 'forearm as last, but with upper arm straight', which reads mH) , soldiers, army; IE mag^h- (from *maghy-), fight; Tibetan d-mag, troops, army, soldiers




MA-SE-FA (+ suck out), NURSE




MA-SE-FA, NURSELING; Egyptian ms, child; Sumerian maš-2, kid (J. 120)




VERBAL - AFFECTIVE

MA, FULLY MATURE; Sumerian *ma, *fat, in ma-d-am, fullness (J. 639)




MA-?A (+ stative), BE FULL, RIPE; Sumerian ma, date (J. 639); IE ma:-, good, at a good time, rightly timed




MA-?A-NA (+ one), MATURE PERSON; IE in mannu- (for *ma:nu), man




MA-?A, REMAIN FULL, BE MANY; in Arabic mi?atun, hundred




MA-?A-NO (+ jar), FULLY PACKED; IE ma:-no-, good, listed under 2. ma:-, good, at a good time, opportune; Chinese mân, full, filled, packed




MA-¿E (+ -like), FULL; Chinese mí, full, overflowing




MA-¿E (+ -like), FATTY




MA-¿E-T?SE, DRIP FAT; IE mad- (for *maidy- - cf. Sanskrit me:dya-, fat), wet, drip, also drip fat, ripe, fat, fattened




MA-¿E-T?SE-T?O (+ lump), FAT; Egyptian mD.t, oil (*fat); IE *maidy-do- in OHG mast, fattening), listed under mad- (for *maidy-), wet, etc.




MA-FA (+ frequentative), RIPENED, TENDER, SOFT; IE *mau-, *tender (cf. mu/u:ro-, mud, swamp), listed under 1. meu-, wet, etc.




MA-FA, FILL ONE'S SELF UP, BEAR (CHILD); Sumerian mu-5 (for *mû-5), puff up, become heavy, thick (J. 456 reads mu-5, and means 'puff up, become heavy, thick, fat`); mu-12 (for *mû-12), *bear (child) (J. 127 reads mu-12, and means 'bear (child)'




MA-FA-RO, VERY SOFT; IE meuro-, swamp, listed under 1. meu-, wet




SA-MA-FA-RO (strong +), VERY TENDER; Basque samur, tender, soft




MA-FA-THO (+ assemblage), WEIGHT; Egyptian mw.t, weight




MA-NHA (+ ingressive), FILL; IE 4. mel-, strong, large




MA-NHA-?A (+ stative), FULL; Arabic mala?a, fill


MA-SHE (+ unattached male), MALE CONSORT; Sumerian maš, ibex, gazelle, deer (J. 118); IE *mas- in Latin mas, male




MA-MA (+ reduplication), FILL UP; Sumerian *ma-ma, *fill up, in a-ma-ma, be flooded with water (2x J. 639)




FO-MA (curl +), THICK; Sumerian g~ama, *become heavy,*thick (J. 456 reads g~ama, and means 'puff up, become heavy, thick, fat`)




FO-MA-NA (+ one), THICK THING; Sumerian um-men-2, the pregnant one (Comb. 1107 = J. 889, um + J. 889, men-2 {for *man}); IE o:man- in Latin o:men, fat, listed incorrectly under 2. eu-, dress; *o:mni- in Latin omnis, all (FO-MA-NA-¿E), listed incorrectly under 1. op-, work, etc.




FO-MA-NA-THO (+ assemblage), THICKNESS; Egyptian wmt (for wmnt), thick (the <m is written with Egyptian D52, 'phallus`, which is <mn, i.e. MHA-NA, man); Sumerian um-men-2-da, the pregnant one (Comb. 1109 = J. 235, um + J. 889, men-2 {for *man} + J. 629, da); IE *omant6- in Latin o:mentum, fat, listed incorrectly under 2. eu-, dress




MA, THERE; Sumerian ventive -m- in e-2-a g~iš-hur-bi im-g~a-2-g~a-2, he places the plan of the house on it




GRAMMATICAL

MA, WHERE(?)




MA, PARTICLE OF ASSEVERATION; Egyptian m, behold (really, verily); in Sumerian ma-, conjugational prefix ( *me from MA-¿E, verily you, an unrecognized reading of mu, (J. 102); IE *ma (cf. Greek má, asseverative), listed under sme, sma/a:, approximately verily, in any case




MA-FA (+ set), ASSEVERATION+RELATIVE; Sumerian mu- conjugational prefix




MA, MOUND, AREA; Sumerian ma, land (J. 639)




-MA, (NOUNS OF PLACE); in Egyptian msxn, abode (from sxn, occupy) ; IE -mo in Greek keûthmos, hiding-place, tórmos, hole




-MA-¿E, (NOUNS OF PLACE); IE -moi in Greek dru:mós, woodland, and ardmós, drinking-place







---




* * *





ME

TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic


Chinese: M=m Tibetan ME=m Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff) ME-¿E=mi







TONGUE

MEASURE

AGREE

STAKE

THINK

WE

EXPEL

BODY

ME, TONGUE (inanimate: literally,'what is moved from an area'); Egyptian *m, tongue (properly Egyptian Aa14, 'not specified', rather 'tongue'; after confusion with QO-SO, ARMPIT, SHOULDER, SIDE, then D38, 'forearm with hand holding a rounded loaf'); Sumerian me, *tongue (J. 889 reads me, and depicts a tent-pole supporting a tent)




ME-?A (+ stative), CALLED OUT, (MENTALLY) MEASURED; Sumerian me (for *mê), speak, call (J. 889); IE 3. me:-, stake out, measure, measure off




ME-?A-NA (+ one), (MENTAL) MEASURE; Sumerian men-2, *measure (J. 889 reads men-2, and means 'speak, call'); IE me:-no-, measure, listed under 3. me:-, stake out, etc.




ME-?A-NA-FA (+ set), (MENTAL) MEASURES




ME-?A-NA-FA-THO (+ assemblage), (MENTAL) MEASUREMENT, MONTH, HOUR; Egyptian wn.wt, hour; IE me:no:t-, month, moon




ME-?A-THO (+ assemblage), (MENTAL) MEASURE; IE *me:-to- (cf. Anglo-Saxon moe:dh, measure), measurement, listed under 3. me:-, stake out, etc.




ME-?A-THO-¿E (+ -like), (MENTALLY) MEASURE (VERB), IE *me:ti-, measure (cf. Latin me:tior, measure), listed under 3. me:-, stake out, etc.




ME-?A-THO-¿E, (MENTALLY) MEASURELIKE, PRECISE; IE me:-ti-, measurement, smartness, listed under 3. me:-, stake out




ME-¿E (+ -like), TONGUE; Sumerian mi-3, *tongue (J. 889 reads mi-3, and means 'tongue'); Basque mihi, tongue




ME-¿E (+ -like), CONVERSE, AGREE, ANNOUNCE; Sumerian mi-3, speak, call (J. 889)




ME-¿E-NA (+ one), DECEIVE; IE mein-, *lie, listed under 2. mei-, exchange, trade; from which, common, exchange-gift, payment, deceive; Arabic mâna/yaminu, lie




ME-¿E-NA, ANNOUNCEMENT; IE mei-no-, opinion, view; Sumerian men-2, speech (J. 889 reads men-2 (for *min), and means speech'); Basque mintzo, speech, language; Arabic ma¿ana, acknowledge or disown a thing




ME-FA (+ frequentative), BE SPOKEN OUT, BE SILENT; IE 1. mu/u:-, sound limitation of the dull noise produced by lips pressed together, speak unintelligibly, murmur inarticulately (therefore also words for dumb), mouth, animal mouth, hold the mouth closed or close




ME-FA-RO (+ high degree), RETICENT; IE IE mo:[u]-ro : mu:-ro-, dull, foolish; Chinese mò, silent, tacit




ME-FA, NAME; Sumerian mu (for *mü), name (J. 102)




ME-NA (+ ingressive), START TO CALL OUT, THINK; Sumerian men-2, *start to call out (J. 889 reads men-2, and means 'speak, call out'); IE 3. men-, think, be mentally excited, *start to call out (cf. Sanskrit mánati, mentions)




ME-NA (+ one), MEASUREMENT




ME-NA-THO (+ assemblage), STAKING OUT, (PHYSICAL) MEASUREMENT




ME-NA-THO-¿E (+ -like), (PHYSICAL) MEASUREMENTLIKE, PRECISE; Egyptian mtjj (for *mn.tjj - written with D54, 'phallus', properly MO-NA, MALE), straightforward, precise; IE me:-ti- (for *m6:ini- ti- cf. Latin me:nsa, table), measurement, smartness, listed under 3. me:-, stake out, measure, measure off




ME-NA-THO-RO (+ high degree), VERY (PHYSICALLY) MEASURED, ACCURATE; Egyptian mtr (for *mntr - written with D54, 'phallus', properly MO-NA, MALE), exact, precise; IE *m6:nt-ro- in Middle Welsh medr, skill, listed under 3. me:-, stake out, measure, measure off




ME-NA-THO-RO-¿E (+ -like), TESTIFY; Egyptian mtrj(j) (for *mn.trj - written with D54, 'phallus' properly MO-NA, MALE), testify; IE *m6:ntro:-, *testify (cf. Latin monitor, reminder, and mo:nstrum, reminder), listed under 3. men-, think, be mentally excited




PRONOMINAL

ME, WE (FIRST PERSON PLURAL); in Egyptian -w(j)n, 1st person plural of the Old Perfective (ME-NO); cf. in the regular conjugations in the 2nd and 3rd plural persons: -Tn (KHO-NO) and -sn (SHO- NO); and in the 2nd person plural of the Old Perfective - tj(w)n(j) (THO-¿E-ME-NO); Sumerian me, dative element 'for us'; -me, possessive suffix 'our'; in the independent pronoun for 'we', menden, considered by Sumerologists to consist of the copula me + a pronominal ending (-enden)- strengthening this view is that the 2nd person plural independent pronoun is menzen (me + -enzen) - however, the element men is ME-NO, found in Egyptian -w(j)n (v. supra), and in IE (v. infra) - in Sumerian, men has been weakened to mean 'the people who stand out', and is suffixed by the element de-3 (T?A-¿E, by the side; IE de- [for *dya-], demonstrative, I-deictic) - me-en-de-3-en; on the other hand, menzen (me-en-ze-2-en) is suffized by ze-2, which represents THSA-¿E, the genitive of THSA, *za, you; IE -me as a 1st person plural ending, attested in the present primary - mes (ME-SHO), and in secondary -me: in Lithuanian dirba-me, we work, and the Sanskrit imperfect abhara:-ma, we were bearing (-me) - also found in the medium as - medh6 (for *me-dha; T?SA is a reflexive element) - -me, 1st person plural of the perfect


ME-NO (+ collective plural), CONVERSATION, CONVERSATIONAL GROUP, (ANIMATE PLURAL); Sumerian me-en in me-en-de-3-en, we, and me-en-ze-2-en, you (plural); IE -men in Greek -men, 1st. p. pl. secondary active; Chinese -men, animate plural




ME, STICK OUT




ME-¿E (+ -like), PICKET; IE 1. mei- (for *mo:i-), fortify; nominal picket, woodwork




ME-¿E-NA (+ one), PICKETED ENCLOSURE; Egyptian *mn, *picketed enclosure (Egyptian Y5, 'draught-board (znt)', rather 'picketed enclosure'); Sumerian ma-nu, cage, enclosure (J. 639, ma + J. 119, nu)




ME-¿E-NA-¿E (+ -like), POUND IN PICKETS




ME-¿E-NA-¿E, BE POUNDED IN, MOORED; Egyptian mnj, moor




MHA-¿E-NA-¿E, PICKET




ME-¿E-NA-¿E-FA (+ set), PICKETS, FORTRESS; Egyptian mn(n).w (for *mjnj.w), fortress; IE *moini-, *fortress (cf. Latin moenia, enclosure, city walls), listed under 1. mei-, fortify; nominal picket, wood work




ME-QE (+ gum), LIE; IE meng- (for *meng^- — cf. Old Indian ma:jú-, beautiful, dear), beautify, deceptively beautify, only nominal; Chinese mēng, cheat, deceive, dupe, make a wild guess




ME-¿E-ME-¿E (+ reduplication); WORD; IE *me(i)mei- in Hittite memiya(n), word




?E-ME (there +), MEASURE OUT; IE 3. me:- (for *?me-), stake out, measure, measure off; Arabic ?amma/ya?ummu, direct one's steps towards (a place), propose




?E-ME-RE (+ make), DECIDE; Egyptian m3' (for *jm3 - the ' is to indicate the variant *jm'), true, rightful; Arabic ?âmara, command, order




?E-ME-T?A (+ allot), DETERMINE; IE 1. me/e:d-, measure, weigh; Arabic ?amata/ya?mitu, conjecture, determine




?E-ME-T?SO (+ hold), BE MEASURED; Egyptian m3' (for *jm' - the 3 is to indicate the variant *jm3), true, rightful; Arabic muddun, measure of various standards




ME, MIDDLE; Egyptian *m, *middle, half (Egyptian Aa14 reads ¿E-ME-HA, tongue, ME, tongue, middle; in the middle of 'side', it is QO-'SO, ARMPIT, SHOULDER, SIDE); IE 2. me-, as a basis for adverbs (prepositions), in the middle, into the middle




ME-T?SE-¿E (+ finger), MIDDLE, BETWEEN; IE medhi-, middle




VERBAL

ME, EXPEL; Sumerian me-5, *expel (J. 949 reads me-5, and means 'engender')




ME-¿E (+ -like), REJECT; Chinese mî, put down, get rid off, remove




ME-¿E, (PROHIBITIVE); Egyptian m, negative imperative particle;IE negative prohibitive particle 1. me:- (for *mei-; cf. Armenian mi); Chinese méi, negative particle




?E-ME-¿E (there +), REFRAIN; Egyptian jm, negative verb, e.g. m.j r.k r.j jm.f sqr w(j), only come to me so that he refrains from restraining me; Sumerian J. 362 reads em-3, and includes the meanings 'undamaged, possess' - these meanings might be related to 'hold away from' - perhaps em-3, *hold away from; IE em- (for *emei-; cf. Hittite u-2-e-mi-ja-mi, grasp, find), take




ME-NA (+ one), STICK OUT; IE 1. men-, stretch upwards; Sumerian min-5, separation (J. 2)




ME-NA, CROWN; Sumerian men, min-7, crown (J. 518); men-4, crown (J. 873)




ME-NA (+ stone), MOUNTAIN; IE mo/o:niyo-, mountains, listed under 1. men- (for *mo:n-), reach upward




ME-NA-THO (+ assemblage), MOUNTAIN; IE mn-t-, mountain, listed under 1. men-, stretch upwards; Basque mendi, mountain




+SA (SINEW), ME-SA, NOTABLE; Sumerian mes, strong, hero







---




* * *




MO

TABLES OF EQUIVALENCES
ALL TABLES INCLUDE EQUIVALENCES FOR THE PROTO-LANGUAGE AND PIE
Afrasian: Hamito-Semitic, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Arabic
*Albanian, Etruscan
Altaic
Basque
Beng
Blackfoot
Dravidian
*Etruscan, Albanian
Hurrian-Urartian
Japanese
Mon-Hmong
Nama
Nostratic: Proto-Afrasian, Altaic, Dravidian, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Sumerian, Uralic
Pama-Nyungan
Sino-Tibetan
Sumerian
Uralic


Chinese: M=m








FLESH

FILTH

CREATURE

VULTURE

SMOOTH

SUPERLATIVE

RUB

BODY

MO, FLESH, BLOOD, FILTH, IMPURITY (inanimate: literally, 'what is moved to an area'); Egyptian *m, flesh (Egyptian D37, 'forearm with hand holding X8, 'conical loaf')




MO-¿E (+ -like), MEMBRANE; Chinese mó, membrane




MO-¿E, MUSHROOM; Chinese mó, mushroom




MO-FA (+ set), IMPURITIES




MO-FA-HA (+ feminine), WATER; Arabic mâhun, water

MO-HHA, SCUM, DIRTY WATER




MO-HHA-FHA (+ set), SECRETION, FILTH, BLOOD, SALTY (also WATER); Egyptian mw, water, semen; Sumerian mu-12 (for *mû-12), *blood (J. 127 reads mu-12, and means 'blood'); IE mu/u:- (for *mo:w-), wet, musty, sprinkle, impure liquid (also urine), dirty, also wash, clean, listed under 1. meu-




MO-HHA-FHA-¿E (+ -like), FILTHY; IE moi- (for *mo:wi-), spot, dirty, listed under 2. mai-




MO-HHA-FHA-¿E-THO (+ assemblage), FILTHINESS, URINE; Egyptian mwjj.t, urine




MO-HHA-FHA-HA (+ feminine), WATER; Arabic mâhun ( m-H-w-h), water




MO-HHA-FHA-SE-FA (+ suck), MOSQUITO; IE mus- (for mo:us6-), gnat, fly, listed under 2. mu:-




MO-HHA-FHA-THO (+ assemblage), FILTHINESS, BLOOD, MUD; Sumerian mud/t/T, blood; IE meu-t- (for *mo:ut-), mud, listd under 1. meu-, wet, musty, sprinkle, impure liquid (also urine), dirty, also wash, clean




MO-HHA-FHA-THSO (+ whirl), MOTH (MOSQUITO); Sumerian mud/t-2, *moth (J. 112 reads mud/t-2, and means 'moth'); IE moth- (for *mo:ut(h)-), in words for gnawing, biting worms or pests, listed under 1. math-




MO-HHA-NA-FA (+ stones), SALT-CRYSTALS; Egyptian mnw, a kind of stone; Sumerian munu-2, *salt (J. 812, earth + J. 339, sparkling); munu-3, *salt (J. 471 = J. 458, container + J. 155, salt); Sumerian mun(u), salt (J. 155 = J. 154, post + J. 668, mountain = pillars of salt in mountains)




MO-HHA-RO (+ high degree), LAKE; Egyptian mr/, canal, artificial lake; in IE mori, mo:ri, sea; Germanic, also 'standing water'




MO-HHA-RO-¿E (+ -like), SEA; IE mori, mo:ri, sea; Germanic, also 'standing water'




MO-FA (+ set), FOUL LIQUID; IE 1. meu-, wet, musty, sprinkle, unclean liquid (also urine), dirty, also wash, clean




MO-FA-T?A-FA (+ give off), EXUDE FOUL LIQUID, BE DEAD; IE 1. meu-d-(w), listed under IE 1. meu-, wet, musty, sprinkle, unclean liquid (also urine), dirty, also wash, clean (Greek mudáo:, am foul); Arabic mâta (mwt), be dead




MO-FA-THO (+ assemblage), FOULNESS, DEATH; Egyptian m(w)t, die




MO-NO (+ jar), URINE; Sumerian man-3, *urine (J. 2 reads man-3, and means 'excrement'); IE mo:n6- in Middle Irish mu:n, urine, listed incorrectly under 1. meu-, wet, etc.




MO-FA (+ frequentative), BULGE, PROTRUDE




MO-FA-SA (+ sinew), MUSCLE; IE mu:s, muscle




MO, CREATURE, HUMAN, WOOD; Sumerian mu-9, *human (J. 561 reads mu-9 and means 'human')




MO-?E (+ -like), MALE; Sumerian mu(i)a, hero, man (J. 560); mu-6, hero, man (J. 560); Chinese mû, male




MO-NA (+ one), FLACCID PENIS; v. supra ME-NA, MEASUREMENT




MO-NA (+ stone), TESTICLE, MALE; Egyptian *mn, man (Egyptian D54, 'phallus', reads mn); *mn, bull; Sumerian man, *man (J. 822 pictures two testicles, reads man, and means 'comrade, brother'); Shilluk ma@^┴no@^!, testicles




MO-NA-FA (+ set), PAIR OF TESTICLES, MEN, MANLY; IE manu-s (for *ma:nwa-) and monu-s (mo:nwa-), man, human




MO-NA-THO (+ assemblage), MANLINESS




MO-NA-THO-FA (+ set), EJACULATION




MO-NA-THO-FA-THO (+ assemblage), SEMEN; Egyptian mt.wt (for *mnt.wt), semen




MO-RO (+ adult), MAN; Arabic in mur?un, man




MO, BLOOD, RED, FRESH (NEW) AS OF MEAT; SALTY




MO-FA (+ bird name), VULTURE; IE *mew-, *vulture, applied to gull (mew); Egyptian mw, vulture (Gardiner G14, 'vulture (Gyps fulvus)




MO-FA-RO (+ high degree), GULL; IE *meuro-, gull, in fulmar, a gull-like Arctic bird with smoky gray plumage




MO-RHA (+ color), DARK (PURPLISH) GRAY, BLACKBERRY, MULBERRY; IE 3. (mer-), mor-(u)-, blacken, dark color, dirtspot; moro-, blackberry (then carried over to the mulberry in Southern Europe); Chinese mò, black, pitch-dark; Basque more, purple




MO-RO (+ high degree), BLOOD-RED, REDDISH BLACK; IE 3. (mer-), mor-(u)-, blacken, dark color, dirtspot; moro-, blackberry (then carried over to the mulberry in Southern Europe); Sumerian mal-2, red, brown (J. 214 reads mal-2, and means 'red, brown'); Chinese mò, black, pitch-dark; Basque more, purple




MO-RHE (+ fall), SINK DOWN, DEAD; IE 4. mer-, mer6- (for *mo:ri- - cf. Lithuanian mèris, death), die (= 5. mer-, be rubbed apart); Chinese mò, sink, submerge, overflow, rise beyond, disappear, hide, till the end, die




MO-SO (+ pull), STRIP OF FLESH; IE me:s, listed under me:mso-, me:(m)s-ro-, meat




MO-SO-RO (+ part), CUT OF FLESH; IE me:(m)s-ro, listed under me:mso-, me:(m)s-ro-, meat




MO-SO-QO (+ ball), BRAIN (AS FOOD); IE moz-g-o- (for *mo:z6(n)g-) , moz-g-en-, mos-k-o-, marrow, brain




MO-SO-QO, MARROW; IE moz-g-o-(for *mo:z6(n)g-), moz-g-en-, mos-k-o-, marrow, brain




MO-SO-MO-SO (+ reduplication), MEAT; IE me:s, listed under me:mso-, me:(m)s-ro-, meat




MO-T?O (+ lump), PORTION OF FLESH, MEAT; IE mad-do- (for *mod-), feed, listed incorrectly under mad-, wet, drip, etc.




-MO, OVERALL, COMMON SUPERLATIVE, COMMON UNIVERSAL (ALWAYS DOING/DONE); Egyptian -m; Sumerian -m; IE -mo, superlative suffix




-MO, REIFICATION SUFFIX, CONVERTS ANIMATE NOUN INTO NON-AGENT; IE accusative in -m; neuter in -m




VERBAL

MO, SMOOTH




MO, BE RUBBED, GROUND, FELT (TACTILE); Sumerian ma-5, grind apart (J. 51); better, mu-3, grind (J.51)




MO-¿E (+ -like), BE RUBBING OVER, POLISHING; Chinese mó, copy, trace, rub, wear, grind, polish, wear down, wear out, obliterate, die out, dawdle, waste time




MO-¿E, MAKE SLIPPERY, WASH; IE *mo:i-, wash, listed under 1. meu-, mew6- : mu/u:-, damp, moldy, sprinkle, impure liquid (also urine), dirty, also wash, purify




MO-FA (+ frequentative), BE RUBBED APART; Sumerian mu-8, beat apart, separate, crush apart, chew apart (J. 970 reads mu-8, and means 'beat apart, etc.'); mu-3, mill (J.51); IE 1. meu- (for *mou-), wash, purify; 2. mew- (for *mow-), push away, *rub (cf. Lithuanian mauju, graze, rub against); Chinese possibly in mù, wash one's hair




MO-HA (+ stative), BE SMEARING OVER; Chinese mô, put on, apply, smear, plaster, wipe




MO-NHA (+ ingressive), START TO RUB; IE 1. mel-, crush, hit, grind (specially grain); from 'rubbed apart' also 'fine, tender, soft' and 'rubbed over, weak'




MO-RE (+ make), RUB FOR A PURPOSE; IE 5. mer-, rub on, rub




MO-RO-¿E (+ -like), MILLSTONE; Chinese mò, mill




MO-RO-¿E-NA (+ one), MILL; IE *mor6in- in Greek maraíno:, rub up, consume, devitalize, passive use myself up, gradually disappear, tire, listed under 5. mer-, mer6-, rub on, rub

MO, BE SLIPPED OVER, TOUCHED, FELT; Chinese mō, feel, stroke, touch

ANIMAL

MHA, ANT, posssibly BISON (animate: literally,'who is in movement on an area' [anthill])

MHA-FHA (+ set), ANTS, ANTLIKE




MHA-FHA-RO (+ part), PINCER




MHA-FHA-RO-MHA (+ ant), BITING ANT; IE mormo- (for *morma:-), listed under morwi/i;-, ant




MHA-FHA-RO-MHA-KHO (+ little), LITTLE BITING ANT; IE *ma:urma:ko- in Greek murme:x, ant, listed under morwi/i:-, ant




MHA-FHA-KHO (+ little), SMALL ANT




MHA-FHA-KHO-¿E (+ -like), MIDGE, GNAT; IE *ma:ukya- in OHG mucka, gnat, listed under 2. mu:-, gnat, fly; Chinese méng, horsefly, gadfly




MHA-FHA-RO-¿E (+ part), PINCER; IE *ma:uri- in Avestan maoiri:-, ant, listed under morwi/i:-, ant




MHA-FHA-RO-FA (+ set), PINCERS




MHA-FHA-RO-FA-¿E (+ -like), PINCERLIKE, ANTLIKE; IE morwi/i:- (for *ma:urwi:- - cf. Germanic meuro-), ant




MHA-FHA-SE (+ suck), MOSQUITO; IE *ma:use:i -in Flemish meuzie, fly, listed under 2.mu:-, gnat, fly




MHA-KHO (+ little), FLYING ANT




MHA-KHO-¿E (+ -like), GNAT; IE mak^o- (for *ma:ky-), horsefly, gnat

MHA, BITE/NIBBLE OFF

MHA-¿E (+ -like), CUT A LITTLE OFF, WHITTLE; Sumerian ma-5, grind up (J. 51); IE 1. mai- (for *ma:i-), hew, hew off, prepare with a sharp tool




MHA-¿E (+ -like), LESSEN; IE 5. mei-, lessen




MHA-¿E-KHO (+ little), SMALL ANT




MHA-¿E-RO-¿E (+ -like), PINCER; Sumerian me/ir(i)-3, scorpion('s pincers) (J. 11); mer, scorpion (J. 644); mir, scorpion (J. 644); IE *ma:iri- in Middle English mire, ant, listed incorrectly under morwi/i:-, ant




MHA-¿E-T?O (+ lump), ANTHILL, ANTS; IE mai-d- (for *ma:id6- - cf. Modern English mite), ant, listed under 1. mai-, hew, hew off, work with a sharp tool




?A-MHA-¿E-T?O (grass +), ANTS; IE *ama:id6- in Archaic English emmet, Modern English ant, listed under 1. mai-, hew, etc.




SA-MHA-¿E, CUT A LITTLE COMPLETELY OFF, WHITTLE OUT; 2. sme:i- (for *sma:i-), whittle, work with a sharp tool




MHA-FA (+ frequentative), WHITTLE OFF, GRIND; Sumerian mu-3, mill (J. 51); IE 2. mew- (for *ma:w-), push away, *rub (cf. Lithuanian mauju, graze, rub against)




MHA-NA (+ ingressive), DIMINISH; IE 4. men-, small, make small, single




MHA-QHO (+ wrap around), PULVERIZE; Egyptian wg, chew; Sumerian *mañ, *pulverize (J. 51 reads ma-5, grind up, and is composed of J. 15, mouth, and J. 893, millstone, which reads nu-10 (for *ñu-10, i.e. 'QHO-FA, SQUEEZE OUT) - we assume an unrecorded reading of *mañ for J. 51); IE *ma:nku- (cf. menku-, soft), *pulverize, listed under men(6)k-, knead (squash, pulverize)




MHA-QHO-THO (+ assemblage), CHEWING APPARATUS; Egyptian wg.t, jaw; IE *mant- in Welsh mant, jaw-bone, mouth, listed incorrectly under 1. men-, reach up




MHA-QHO, PYTHON, THROTTLER; Chinese mâng, boa, python




MHA-QHO-QHO (+ reduplication), BE CONGESTED; Egyptian wgg, feebleness, weakness




MHA-RO-¿E (+ part), PINCER




MHA-RO-¿E-NA (+ one), ANT; Sumerian marun, ant (J. 543)