1). All non-labial consonants (i.e. except P[?/H], P[?]W/P[H]W, ([H])W and M) with no glide (ø-glides) merged into the corresponding consonants with y-glides.
a). M[H]y (from M[H]A and M[H]E) became /wn/ and finally merged into W (/w/, written w).
b). The pharyngal voiced spirants, ¿y/w, merged into the laryngal voiceless stops, ?y/w.
c). The labial affricates, P[?/H]W became V([?/H]).
2). The pharyngal voiceless spirant, HH[y], merged into the laryngal voiceless spirant, H[y].
a). The laryngal voiceless spirant, Hw, merged into the pharyngal voiceless spirant, HHw.
3). Aspiration was lost.
a). The laryngal voiceless stop, ?w, merged into the pharyngal voiceless spirant, HHw.
b). The laryngal voiceless spirant, Hy, was simplified to /y/, and merged into J.
4). Glottalization was lost.
5). The palatal glide was lost after changing N[y] to /L[y]/ in some dialects only (still written [n]); Q[y] to /ng[y]/ (later /g[y]/), written [q](dot-k); X[y] to /ç/, written [S]([hachek-s]); KX[y] to /kç/ (later /h[y]/, written [H]([dot-h]); S[y] to /sh/, written [z]; TS[y] to /tsh/, written [D]([bar-d]) were changed in all dialects.
6). Every Egyptian consonant developed two different articulations distinguished by those that were followed by the w-glide and those that were not followed by the w-glide; these became phonemic.
a). The phonemes followed by the w-glide substituted aspiration (h) for the w-glide except in the dorsal series and R([Hw]/[w]) and HH[w], which retained the w-glide:
1)). The w-glide remained in: K[w] remained /k[w]/, written T(bar-t); KX[w] remained /kx[w]/ (later /hw/), written x(hook-h); X[w] remained /x[w]/, written X(bar-h); Q[w] remained /ng[w]/ (later /g[w]/);
2)). The w-glide was lost in: R[w] became /R/{uvular /r/}), and occurred as /L/ (velar /l/) in some dialects, both written [r]; HH[w] became /hh/, written [h].
3)). Aspiration modified the phonemes in: P[h] became /f/, written [f]; T[h] became /th/, written [t];
4)). Aspiration was eliminated in: V[h] became /v/, written [b]; M[h] became /m/, written [m]; N[h] became /n/, written [n]; S[h] became /s/, written [s]; TS[h] became /ts/ (but later /?/), written ['];
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5)). Phonemes that did not change were: P remained /p/, written [p]; V remained /v/, written [b]; T remained /t/, written [d]; K remained /k/, written [k]; R remained /r/ (but later /h/), written [3]; W remained /w/, written [w]; J remained /j/, written [j]; M remained /m/, written [m].
6)). Additional changes were: [z], which had been /sh/, merged with [s] as /s/; and [S]([hachek-s]), which had been /ç/, became /sh/.
7). These developments resulted in the following consonantal inventory for Egyptian:
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1. The following changes were shared with Germanic:
a). N[y] was de-nasalized to L[y];
b). All N[H] was de-nasalized to L;
c). All consonantal y-glides were eliminated (but J remained);
d). All voiceless spirants (except H and HH; ¿ is here considered a voiceless pharyngal stop), including those in affricates, were voiced: S became Z and X became g ("gamma" - voiced dorsal spirant);
e). Glottalization was lost (but ? remained).
f). The w-glide of the labial stops was eliminated;
g). P[H] was spirantized to F;
h). The initial elements of PW, TZ, and Kg assimilated in voicing to the second elements, i.e. became BW, DZ, and Gg;
i). M[H], L[H] and R[H] were de-aspirated;
j). Press here for the remaining changes specific to Germanic.
2. The following changes were shared with Semitic:
a). T[H] was spirantized to th; K[H] was spirantized to x;
b). The apical stops and affricates with w-glides became phonemic: T[w] became retroflex (emphatic) T[r]; th[w] became retroflex (emphatic) S[r]; DZ[w] became retroflex (emphatic) D[r]; DZ[Hw] became retroflex (emphatic) Z[r].
c). R[w] became L*, velar /l/;
d). [H]W was de-aspirated to W.
e). w-glides were lost;
f). Aspirated Z[H] and g[H] were de-voiced and de-aspirated to S and ç, which further developed to sh;
g). g merged into sh;
h). The voiced affricates, DZ([H]) and Gg([H]) were simplified to D([H]) and G([H]); then D[H] and G[H] were spirantized to dh and g (voiced dorsal spirant);
i). Aspirated Q[H] was de-nasalized, de-voiced, and de-aspirated to K* (post-velar /k/);
j). Q was denasalized to post-velar G*, and merged into K*;
k). G was palatalized in most dialects to DZH;
l). P merged into B;
m). After shifting central A to front af, 6 became i, u, or af, depending on whether the previous consonant had had a y-glide, w-glide, or no glide.
o). These developments resulted in the following consonantal inventory for Arabic:
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a). T[H] was spirantized to th; K[H] was spirantized to x;
b). [H]W was de-aspirated to w.
c). w-glides were lost;
d). The spirants Z([H]) and g([H]) were de-voiced to s and x* (post-velar /x/), including as second elements in affricates;
1)). The resulting affricate ds was simplified to d;
2)). The resulting affricate gx* was simplified to g;
3)). The resulting affricate ds[H] was simplified through /th/ to th;
4)). The resulting affricate gx*[H] was simplified through /kh/ to x;
e). Post-velar X* and X*[H] acquired w-glides;
1)). Post-velar X*[w] and X*[Hw] were de-spirantized to K*[w] and K*[Hw];
a)). Post-velar K*[w] became k*[w] then shifted forward to k[w];
b)). Post-velar K*[Hw] became x*[w] then shifted forward to x[w];
f). Q[H] was de-nasalized (in some dialects, only initially), de-voiced to (n)K*[H] (post-velar /(n)kh*/); and merged into em>K[H]; and shifted forward to (n)x;
g). Q was denasalized (in some dialects, only initially), devoiced to post-velar (n)k*, and merged into K*; and shifted forward to (n)k;
h). All laryngals and pharyngals became H, which 'colored' the adjacent vowel based on the presence of former glides or no glide;
i). Low central A and 6[?] were modified by grammatical Ablaut to either e or o.
j). These developments resulted in the following consonantal inventory for Germanic:
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