c-BASQUE-4_modifications.htm

TABLE OF MODIFICATIONS

OF

BASQUE VOWELS

AND

CONSONANTS in Combination




by Patrick C. Ryan

2/12/2001

OLD BASQUE

u + ⁿ + (V) becomes umV.

V"i becomes i.

V"u becomes u.

"Vi becomes e: (mid front), notated e₂.

"Vu becomes o: (mid back), notated o₂.

MODERN BASQUE

Initial consonants are lenited, e.g. T becomes d.

Stress-accented consonants are lenited, e.g. T becomes d; stress-unaccented consonants are fortified, e.g. T becomes t (for *tt?).

Final consonants are fortified, e.g. T becomes t; Z becomes tz.

Initial ZP, ZT, ZK become p, t, k.

Initial T existed in Old Basque but was lenited to /h/ then /0/.

SE becomes sa.

di, ti, ni, and li (occasionally id, it, in, il) become dd, tt, ñ, and ll (/d^y, t^y, n^y/, and /l^y/).

Vowels in hiatus are separated by h, g (occasionally b, d, or r); or simply coalesce (for details, see Trask 1997:151-2)

Initial e- becomes i- if a second syllable contains a high vowel and there is a third syllable: ibili, "go about", from early ebili (150).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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