c-ETRUSCAN-13_table.htm

TABLE
OF
PL / IE / SUMERIAN /EGYPTIAN / ETRUSCAN
(and Albanian*) CORRESPONDENCES

by Patrick C. Ryan
1/11/2008: 12:00 AM

Copyright 2008 Patrick C. Ryan

*I have recently re-read Zacharie Mayani's The Etruscans Begin To Speak (Simon and Shuster,
New York: 1962); and am convinced that his major proposition — the relationship of Etruscan
through Illyrian to Albanian — is correct. Unfortunately, only a very few of his proposed cognates are
valid since he let his enthusiasm overshadow his perspicacity. Therefore, I am adding Albanian correspondences to the table for easy comparison when Albanian cognates are mentioned
in Proto-Language Phonemes in PIE, PAA (Hieroglyphic Egyptian and Arabic),
Etruscan, and Albanian (Nostratic Hypothesis).

ETRUSCAN ALPHABET AND VALUES

THE COMPARANDA WILL BE MISALIGNED UNLESS THE TABLE IS VIEWED FULL-SCREEN

PROTO- LANGUAGE

INDO- EUROPEAN

SUMERIAN

EGYPTIAN

ETRUSCAN

Albanian

HV⁽¹⁾

He:⁽¹⁾

*î, written i

? (#?)

e (#?)

o (for â) (#?)

HV⁽¹⁾

Ha:⁽¹⁾

*â, written a

a (#4, 7, 8, 10, 12, 21, 32, 33, 35)

â written a (#5, 17)

a (#?)

a (for â) (#?)

before m, n, r ua (#?)

HV⁽¹⁾

Ho:⁽¹⁾

*û, written u

? (#?)

u (for *û) (#27)

a(#?)

e (for *ô) (#27)

before m, n, r ua (#?)

¿E

HHE

yV⁽¹⁾

He:⁽¹⁾

*yi (*î, written i)

*î, written i

î written i (#1, 5, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17, 21, 25, 27, 30, 35)

î written i (#30)

î (written i) (#27)

ej becomes i (#?)

a/oj becomes e (#?)

o (for â) (#?)

¿A

HHA

yV⁽¹⁾ / Ha(:)/
V⁽⁷⁾

+
Ha:⁽¹⁾

*y(a), written i(a)/*î, written i

*â, written a

ia (#30)

â written a (#17)

(j)a (#?)

V + j, see above
under ¿E

a (for â) (#?)

before m, n, r ua (#?)

¿O

HHO

yV⁽¹⁾

Ho:⁽¹⁾

*yu (**ü , written u)

*û, written u

? (#?)

û written u (#??)

(j)a (#?)

V + j, see above
under ¿E

e (for *ô) (#27)

before m, n, r ua (#?)

P[?]E

P[H]E

b(h)/wV^(1),⁽³⁾

pV⁽¹⁾

? (#?)

be⁽⁸⁾ (#?)

pe⁽⁸⁾ (#?)

P[?]A

P[H]A

b(h)/wV^(1),⁽³⁾

pV⁽¹⁾

pa (#20, 21)

pha (#?)

be (#?)

pe (#?)

P[?]O

P[H]O

b(h)/wV^(1),⁽³⁾

pV⁽¹⁾

? (#?)

pha (for *pho) (#27)

ba⁽⁹⁾ (#?)

pa⁽⁹⁾ (#27)

P[?]FE

PF[H]E

bhV⁽¹⁾

p[h]e(:)⁽¹⁾

fe (#?)

pê (for phê) written pe, stress-accented (#26); phê written phe, stress-unaccented (#?)

be (#?)

pe (#?)

P[?]FA

PF[H]A

bhV⁽¹⁾

final bh/b⁽²⁾

p[h]a(:)⁽¹⁾

fa (#35)

phe (for *phâ) (#29)

be (#?)

pe (#29)

P[?]FO

PF[H]O

bhV⁽¹⁾

p[h]o(:)⁽¹⁾

fu (#17)

? (#?)

ba (#?)

pa (#?)

F[H]E

wV:

Emesal: (all positions)mi

Emegi: initial and medial positions
g[~]²i)⁽⁶⁾

final *ü, written u

unidentified dialectal initial *ü written i

Emesal: (all positions) mi

Emegi: initial and medial positions g[~]²+i⁽⁶⁾

unidentified dialectal initial *ü written u

final *ü written u

ve (#?)

vê written u (for û) (#17)

ve (#?)

ev becomes e (#?)

a/ov becomes a (#?)

Hv becomes y (#?)

ve (#?)

V + v, see above
under FE

Hv becomes y (#?)

F[H]A

wV:

u
final iu becomes ig[~]²⁽⁶⁾

*û, written u

va (#7, 17, 18, 30)

vâ written va (#14, 17, 20, 22, 23)

ve (#?)

V + v, see above
under FE

Hv becomes y (#?)

F[H]O

wV:

*û, written u

va (for *vo) (#16)

*vâ/*û (for *vô) written u (#26)

va (#?)

V + v, see above
under FE

Hv becomes y (#?)

T[?]E

T[H]E

rare, tV+'wV became dotted t (*Ti [retroflex?])

te (#1)

the (#?)

de (#?)

between vowels dhe (#?)

d + z becomes x (#?)

d + zh becomes xh (#?)

te (#?)

t + s becomes c (#29)

t + sh becomes ç (#?)

T[?]A

T[H]A

rare, tV+'wV became dotted t (*Ta [retroflex?])

ta (#2, 7, 30)

tha (#2)

de (#2)

between vowels dhe (#?)

for combinations dz, dzh, see above under T?E

te (#?)

for combinations ts, tsh, see above under THE

T[?]O

T[H]O

rare, dotted t (*Tu [retroflex?])

rare, tV+'wV became dotted t (*Tu [retroflex?])

ta (for *to) (#15)

ta (for *tho) stress-accented , (21); tha (for *tho) stress-unaccented (#10, 14, 15, 26, 27, 29, 33, 35)

da (#?)

between vowels dha (#?)

for combinations dz, dzh, see above under T?E

ta (#27)

for combinations ts, tsh, see above under THE

T[?]SE

TS[H]E

dhV

t[h]e(:)

D (bar-d)

te (#?)

the (#?)

de (#?)

between vowels dhe (#?)

te (#?)

T[?]SA

TS[H]A

dhV

final dh/d⁽²⁾

t[h]a(:)

ta (#22)

tha (#?)

de (#?)

between vowels dhe (#?)

te (#?)

T[?]SO

TS[H]O

dhV/dhwV⁽⁴⁾

initial, rarely: dwo:⁽⁵⁾

t[h]/t[h]wo(:)⁽⁴⁾

Emesal: (all positions)
z(i)

Emegi: (all positions)
t(u)

Emegi rare, dotted t
(*T(u) [retroflex?])

Emegi rare, tV+'wV became dotted t (*Tu [retroflex?])

Emesal: (all positions)
z(i)

Emegi: (all positions) t(u)

Emegi rare, dotted t (*T(u) [retroflex?])

Emegi rare, tV+'wV became dotted t (*Tu [retroflex?])

ta (for *to) (#?)

tha (for *tho) (#13, 23)

da (#?)

between vowels dha (#?)

ta (#?)

S[H]E

sV:

ši

sa (#32)

Sê written s/Se (#17, 27, 29, 35)

before unstressed vowel she (#?)

before stressed vowel gje (#?)

in clusters and occasionally word final se (#?)

before resonants, in proclitic words, and usually word final Ø (#?)

combination sk before e, i shq, otherwise h (#?)

combination sp becomes f (#?)

combination sv in stressed syllable d, otherwise v (#?)

before unstressed vowel she (#?)

before stressed vowel gje (#?)

in clusters and occasionally word final se (#27)

before resonants, in proclitic words, and usually word final Ø (#?)

for combinations sk, sp, sv, see above under SE

S[H]A

sV:

sa

sV+'wV became ša

rare, sV+'wV became dotted s (*Sa [retroflex?])

sV+'wV became ša

rare, sV+'wV became dotted s (*Sa [retroflex?])

sa (#17, 18, 30)

Sâ written s/Sa (#5, 10)

before unstressed vowel she (#?)

before stressed vowel gje (#?)

in clusters and occasionally word final se (#?)

before resonants, in proclitic words, and usually word final Ø (#?)

for combinations sk, sp, sv, see above under SE

S[H]O

sV:

su

rare, dotted s (*Su [retroflex?])

sV+'wV became šu

rare, sV+'wV became dotted s (*Su [retroflex?])

final, 'su+î became š

su

rare, dotted s (*Su [retroflex?])

sV+'wV became šu

rare, sV+'wV became dotted s (*Su [retroflex?])

so written sa (#2, 15, 30)

Sô written s/Su (#17, 20)

before unstressed vowel sha (#2)

before stressed vowel gja (#?)

in clusters and occasionally word final sa (#?)

before resonants, in proclitic words, and usually word final Ø (#?)

for combinations sk, sp, sv, see above under SE

+

before unstressed vowel sha (#?)

before stressed vowel gja (#?)

in clusters and occasionally word final sa (#?)

before resonants, in proclitic words, and usually word final Ø (#?)

for combinations sk, sp, sv, see above under SE

K[?]E

K[H]E

g[^]V⁽⁴⁾

k[^]V⁽⁴⁾

kV+'wV became hi

k

k + w becomes š

ce (#4)

ce (for che), stress-accented (#30); che, stress-unaccented (#?)

dhe (#?)

before resonant g(e) (#?)

the (#?)

before resonant k(e) (#?)

K[?]A

K[H]A

kV+'wV became ha

k

k + j becomes H (dotted-h)

ka written ca (#6, 10, 30)

kha written cha (#?)

ze (#?)

secondarily gje (#?)

before resonant g(e) (#?)

se (#?)

secondarily qe (#?)

before resonant k(e) (#?)

K[?]O

K[H]O

kV+'wV became hu

T (bar-t)

qa (for *qo; written ca) (#30)

qha (for *qho; written cha) (#17, 23, 24, 29, 30)

ga (#?)

ka (#29)

K[?]XE

KX[H]E

g[^]hV⁽⁴⁾

k[^][h]e(:)⁽⁴⁾

kV+'wV became hi

H(dotted-h)

ce (#?)

cê written ce, stress-accented (#3); chê written che, stress-unaccented (#3)

dhe (#?)

before resonant g(e) (#?)

the (#?)

before resonant k(e) (#?)

K[?]XA

KX[H]A

ghV

final gh/g⁽²⁾

k[h]a(:)

ka

kV+'wV became ha

final: h(a)

? (#?)

ze (#?)

secondarily gje (#?)

before resonant g(e) (#?)

se (#?)

secondarily qe (#?)

before resonant k(e) (#?)

K[?]XO

KX[H]O

ghV

k[h]o(:)

Emesal (all positions):
p(i)

Emesal (medial) n +:
(~)pi

Emegi (initial and medial): ku

Emegi (medial) n +: (n)ku, written gu

Emegi kV+'wV became hu

Emegi (final): h(u)

(initial and medial): ku

kV+'wV became hu

final: h(u)

x (hook-h)

? (#?)

qâ (for qhâ), written ca, stress-accented (#?); qhâ written cha, stress-unaccented (#31); qhâ written c, stress-unaccented before l (#31)

ga (#?)

ka (#?)

X[H]E

g[^]^wV

g^hw- is not a genuine PIE phoneme but rather a result of the combi-nation of g^^w + H

k[^]^wV

š²i

š²i+'wV became *hü, written hu

š²i

? (#?)

ze (#?)

secondarily gje (#?)

before resonant g(e) (#?)

se (#?)

secondarily qe (#?)

before resonant k(e) (#?)

X[H]A

g^wV

g^wh- is not a genuine PIE phoneme but rather a result of the combi-nation of g^w + H

k^wV

Emegi: (initial) ha

Emegi: (medial and final) g[~]⁴a [for k³a {?}]

ca (#16)

? (#?)

ze (#?)

secondarily gje (#?)

before resonant g(e) (#?)

se (#?)

secondarily qe (#?)

before resonant k(e) (#?)

X[H]O

g^wV and gwV

g^wh- is not a genuine PIE phoneme but rather a result of the combi-nation of g^w + H

k^wV

X (bar-h)

cu (#25)

? (#?)

ga (#?)

ka (#?)

M[H]E

me(:)

me (#8, 9)

me (#?)

me (#?)

vocalic M becomes a (#?)

M[H]A

ma(:)

ma (#1)

ma (#?)

me (#?)

vocalic M becomes a (#?)

M[H]O

mo(:)

ma (for *mo) (#2)

ma (for *mo) (#?)

ma (#?)

vocalic M becomes a (#?)

N[H]E

l[^]V

l[^]e(:)

ne (#?)

lê written le (#17)

le (#?)

between vowels Vlle (#?)

vocalic L becomes i/ul (#?)

N[H]A

la(:)

Emesal: (initial) ša

*La, written la

na (#9, 22, 30, 31, 35)

lâ written la (#16, 31, 35)

nje (#?)

between vowels (Tosk) re (#?)

vocalic N becomes a (#?)

le (#?)

between vowels Vlle (#?)

vocalic L becomes i/ul (#?)

N[H]O

Lo(:)

Emesal: (initial) ši

*Lu, written lu

na (for *no) (#10, 17)

? (#?)

na (#?)

between vowels (Tosk) ra (#?)

vocalic N becomes a (#?)

la (#?)

between vowels Vlla (#?)

vocalic L becomes i/ul (#?)

Q[H]E

(n/N⁽¹⁰⁾)g[^]V⁽⁴⁾

(n/N⁽¹⁰⁾)k[^]e(:)⁽⁴⁾

(n)g[~]³i

(n)k²i

initial n²i {ñi}

Emesal: (initial) ši

q (dotted-k)

? (#?)

nge (#?)

nke (#?)

Q[H]A

(N⁽¹⁰⁾)gV

(n/N⁽¹⁰⁾)ka(:)

(n)g[~]³a

Emesal: (initial) ša

Emesal: (final) n²(a) {ñ(a)}

Emegi (initial): n²a {ña}

Emegi (medial and medial): (n)k²(a) (but transcribed as (n)g[~]³(a))

? (#?)

nge (#?)

nke (#?)

Q[H]O

(n/N)gV

initial, rarely: (n)g^wo(:)⁽⁴⁾; n(g)o(:)

initial + 's:
a(:)n'sV

initial + y:
*angwi becomes ang^w(h)i

initial + y + -*w:
*angwiu becomes ang^hu

initial, rarely: (n/N)k^wo(:)⁽⁴⁾; (n)ko(:)

(n)g[~]³u

(n)k²u

initial n²u {ñu}

? (#?)

chu (#32)

nga (#?)

nka (#?)

R[H]E

re(:)

Li, written li

re (#6, 17, 26, 33, 35)

rê written re (#?)

re (#?)

from original clusters rre (#?)

vocalic R becomes ri/u (#?)

R[H]A

ra(:)

La, written la

ra (#13, 20, 24, 25, 30)

râ written ra (#?)

re (#?)

from original clusters rre (#?)

vocalic R becomes ri/u (#?)

R[H]O

Lo(:)

Indic, initial: r

Lu, written lu

unidentified dialectal ru

Lu, written lu

ra (for ro) (#7, 12, 23)

la (for *lo) (#17, 18, 22)

ra (#?)

from original clusters rra (#?)

vocalic R becomes ri/u (#?)

la (#?)

between vowels Vlle (#?)

vocalic L becomes i/ul (#?)

ETRUSCAN VOWELS IN COMBINATION

VOWEL	+ i	+ a	+ u	+ stress-accent	- stress-accent
a/â written a	ê written e	â written a	ô written u	a/â written a	Ø/e
a/â written a from o/ô	ê written e	â written a	ô written u	a/â written a	Ø/a
e/ê	ê written e	ê written e	ű written u	e/ê written e	Ø/e
i/î	î written i	î written i	ű written u	i/î written i	i
u/û	ű written u	û written u	û written u	u/û written u	u

Emesal Equivalents
to
Emegi Vowels

EG i

ES e

EG a remains as ES a

EG u

ES i

EG *ê (written e)

ES â (written a)

SUMERIAN VOWELS IN COMBINATION

VOWEL	+ i	+ a	+ u
i	î [i:] written i	ê [e:] written e	ü [ü:] written u
a	ê [e:] written e	â [a:] written a	U [o:] written u
u	ü [ü:] written u	û [u:] written u	û [u:] written u

Those interested in Etruscan may also be interested in viewing
the Etruscan Dictionary
presented by Damien Erwan Perrotin.
Additional resources are the Etruscan Glossary at this website, which was prepared by Patrick C. Ryan;
and the Etruscan Glossary created by Rick McCallister and Silvia McCallister-Castillo.

What will surprise many readers, are the conspicuous

**similarities in correspondences to Proto-Language**

phonemes displayed by Basque and Sumerian.

Those interested in Sumerian may also be interested in viewing
the Sumerian Lexicon (Version 3.0)
on John A. Halloran's interesting website, arranged according to syllable shape.
Additional resources are the Sumerian Glossary at this website, which is arranged alphabetically;
and the Sumerian Dictionary at the University of Pennsylvania, with cuneiform, and
offering flexible search methods.

NOTATIONAL CONVENTIONS

For an explanation of the Proto-Language and Indo-European notational conventions used in these essays, press here.

Summary of Phonological Changes

from Proto-Language to Etruscan (in composition)

currently not available

Combinatory Modifications

for modifications of the vowels and consonants in combination, see the

Table of Modifications (in composition)

currently not available

PROTO-LANGUAGE MONOSYLLABLES

In order for readers to judge the semantic plausibility of the analysis of Proto-Language (PL) compounds suggested here, I am including access to a table of Proto-Language monosyllables and the meanings I have provisionally assigned.

Most assignments can be exhaustively supported by data from actually attested forms but a few animates are very doubtful; and this list does not represent the "final" solution of these questions, which will only be approached when other scholars assist in refining it.

Patrick C. Ryan

Summer 1998

ETRUSCAN BIBLIOGRAPHY (in composition)

currently not available

ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

the latest revision of this document can be found at
http://www.oocities.org/proto-language/c-ETRUSCAN-13_table.htm

Patrick C. Ryan * 9115 West 34th Street - Little Rock, AR 72204-4441 * (501)227-9947
PROTO-LANGUAGE@msn.com

NOTES

1. The Pontic-Nostratic stage of the Proto-Language, from which PIE and PAA developed, had only one short V(owel): a (/a/, 'central low'; possibly with a schwa {/6/} allophone), which became e/o, or Ø in PIE according to the Ablautsstufe required by the grammatical form. Nostratic short vowels (e, a, o), modified by the influence of adjacent laryngal-pharyngal consonants (H), were retained through Pontic-Nostratic; and later in PIE developed into long vowels: e:, a:, o:. Pontic-Nostratic a (/a/, 'central low'; possibly with a schwa {/6/} allophone) became i, a, or u in PAA, dependent on vowel patterning but possibly, at least in root nouns, based on the influence of former glides.

2. Final Early PIE voiced aspirated stops + a can become unaspirated: -*bha becomes -*b(a); -*gha becomes -*g(a); -*dha becomes -*d(a).

3. It is well-known that *b is rare in IE as an initial and even questioned by some scholars as a root final. I have found that Early PIE *b (from PL P[?]) appears in the stage of IE normally reconstructed as *w or *bh as a root initial though usually as *b as a root final. It is uncertain at this time if the presence of a nearby laryngal-pharyngal (H) was the conditioning factor in P[?] becoming IE initial *bh as opposed to *w since the expected lengthening and retention of Nostratic vowel quality does not seem to occur.

4. There are few traces of the Pontic-Nostratic stage through which PIE passed but the regular palatalization from Pontic-Nostratic dorsal stops and affricates and the dorsal nasal + ^yV is one; the sporadic retention of Pontic-Nostratic ^wV as PIE *w after coronal affricates and the voiced and unvoiced dorsal nasal is another. In the voiced dorsal nasal, the lengthened vowel compensates for the elided nasalization.

5. Only a few instances recorded: PIE *dwo:(u)- (for **dho(u)-), 'two', for PL T?SO(-FA), 'arm-number' = 'two'; cf. Egyptian ', 'pair'. The lengthened vowel compensates for the elided aspiration; and in *do(:)us- (for **dhos-), ‘(upper) arm', for PL T?SO-SA; ‘arm-sinew' = ‘upper arm'; probably, the development was /dhwo'sa/ -> /dhwos/ -> /dwo(:)s/, and with metathesis: /do(:)us/.

6. The change of bilabial fricative to g[~]² before i is similar to and probably connected in some way with the Armenian change of PIE *wei- to gi, as in PIE *woinyom- becomes Armenian gini, ‘wine'. The sequence of finaliu from E + FA also becomes ig[~]².

7. The *y of this syllable has been modified initially to *H in, at least, some PIE words such as *ok^w-, ‘eye’, and *e:n- (for **a:n), ‘look!’.

8. The e of this syllable normally became je/ie except before n/nj, or after l, or after clusters containing r (e.g. kr) .This ie was modified to ia when the following syllable contained an i. This je reverted to e after the palatalized consonants ç, nj, gy, and q. Any stress-unaccented e appears as ë.

9. Albanian a and i became e when the following syllable conained e or i.

10. Initially, *N is vocalic *n which can be realized as *a or Ø or *an.

c-ETRUSCAN-13_table.htm

TABLE OF PL / IE / SUMERIAN /EGYPTIAN / ETRUSCAN (and Albanian*) CORRESPONDENCES

ETRUSCAN ALPHABET AND VALUES

THE COMPARANDA WILL BE MISALIGNED UNLESS THE TABLE IS VIEWED FULL-SCREEN

What will surprise many readers, are the conspicuous

similarities in correspondences to Proto-Language

phonemes displayed by Basque and Sumerian.

NOTATIONAL CONVENTIONS

Summary of Phonological Changes

from Proto-Language to Etruscan (in composition)

Combinatory Modifications for modifications of the vowels and consonants in combination, see the

Table of Modifications (in composition)

PROTO-LANGUAGE MONOSYLLABLES

ETRUSCAN BIBLIOGRAPHY (in composition)

ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

NOTES

TABLE
OF
PL / IE / SUMERIAN /EGYPTIAN / ETRUSCAN
(and Albanian*) CORRESPONDENCES

**similarities in correspondences to Proto-Language**

Combinatory Modifications

for modifications of the vowels and consonants in combination, see the