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PROTO-LANGUAGE PHONEMES

in IE and Uralic

(Nostratic Hypothesis)

by Patrick C. Ryan

currently under construction Copyright 2008 Patrick C. Ryan (rev. 6/ 23 /2008 [major revision 1/30/2001(a)])







The purpose of this short essay is to establish as a hypothesis that IE and Uralic are both descended from a common ancestor, which, I term the Proto-Language — from the form into which it had developed by about 60-40K BPE.

This date is based on the estimates of Cavalli-Sforza for the separation of the peoples of Asia and Europe (The Great Human Diasporas, p. 123) from the "main" branch of the people speaking the Proto-Language.

During this phase of development, the Proto-Language was passing out of a ergative-type morphology into an nominative-type morphology (G. A. Klimov).

Although Uralic "modifiers overwhelmingly precede their heads", which is a further correlate of SOV typology, Uralic does not presently exhibit SOV word order.

Phonologically, it had already reached a stage of development in which the oldest semantic contrasts of C+E/ C+A/ C+O had been replaced by CyV/ CV/ CwV.



In the Table of Correspondence below, the column entitled PROTO-LANGUAGE shows the earliest syllables before vocalic contrasts were replaced by a contrast of glides and no glide (during the Pontic stage: 60-40K BPE).

Some serious researchers have questioned the validity of a Uralic language-family. Professor Paolo Agostini has written an interesting essay that maintains that Uralic is not an early language-family in origin but a pidgin language, cobbled together from many non-Uralic sources through early contacts. Additionally, he has included a very useful listing of Uralic resources on the web.

An excellent online resource for Uralic is at the TOWER OF BABEL, founded by Sergei Anatolyevich Starostin, and now part of the Evolution of Human Languages project at the Santa Fe Institute.

An important new resource for Nostratic studies is the website Nostratica, instituted by Kirill Babaev, the founder of the Cybalist language discussion group at Yahoo! Groups.

Similar tables of equivalence can and have been constructed for the Proto-Language, IE and Afrasian, Altaic, Basque, Beng (Southern Mandé), Blackfoot (Algonquian), Dravidian (incomplete), Etruscan, Hurrian-Urartian, Japanese, Mon/Hmong, Nama, Pama-Nyungan (incomplete), (Sino-)Tibetan, Sumerian, and Uralic (present essay).








TABLE
OF
PL / IE / URALIC
CORRESPONDENCES



number+i=(word) initial; number+m=medial (non-initial); number+f=(word) final
#=unattested (as yet); *=systematically irregular; :=long vowel; &=modified in combination.


FOR EXAMPLES, SEE UNDER (number) IN PL / IE / URALIC LEXICAL COMPARISONS BELOW

PROTO-
LANGUAGE
INDO-
EUROPEAN
URALIC
may be used
for annotation
may be used
for annotation


?E

+

HE

HV(1)

+

HV:

0(#)

+

0(#)

. .
?A



+

HA

HV



+

HV:

0(12, 13, 63, 74,

75)

+

0(88)

. .
?O

+

HO

HV

+

HV:

0(#)

+

0(#)

. .


¿E





















+

HHE

yV





















+

HV:

y(1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9,

10, 12, 13, 14,

15, 21, 23, 25,

26, 32, 38, 43,

46, 48, 52, 55,

59, 66, 68, 69,

74, 75, 78, 79,

83, 88, 89, 91,

92, 93, 94, 100,

103, 104, 105,

130)

+

0(73, 116)

. .
¿A







+

HHA

yV







+

HV:

y(18, 20, 24, 40,

42, 44, 48, 82,

102)

0(114 initial)

+

0(48, 130)

. .
¿O

+

HHO

yV

+

HV:

y(72, 84, 98)

+

0(#)

. .


P[?]E

+

P[H]E

b(h)/wV

+

pV

v(#)

+

p(9, 32, 34, 69)

. .
P[?]A

+

P[H]A

b(h)/wV

+

pV

v(25)

+

p(41, 57, 66, 68,

95, 99)

. .
P[?]O

+

P[H]O

b(h)/wV

+

pV

v(50)

+

p(7, 33)

. .


P[?]FE

+

PF[H]E

bhV

+

p[h]V:

p(103)

+

p(16, 126)

. .
P[?]FA

+

PF[H]A

bhV(2)

+

p[h]V:

p(35, 101, 102)

+

p(38, 67, 98)

. .
P[?]FO

+

PF[H]O

bhV

+

p[h]V:

p(36, 65)

+

p(15, 37, 68, 70)

. .


FE

+

F[H]E

wV

+

wV:

v(51, 52)

+

v(58)

. .
FA













+

F[H]A

wV













+

wV:

v(14, 17, 27, 29,

34, 35, 36, 37,

46, 48, 53, 55,

58, 62, 65, 71,

80, 84, 87, 97,

113, 115, 116,

126)

+

v(7, 26, 28, 33,

38, 39, 45, 48,

54, 70, 77, 94,

96, 108)

. .
FO



+

F[H]O

wV



+

wV:

v(18, 56, 57, 63,

64)

+

v(#)

. .


T[?]E

+

T[H]E

dV

+

tV

t(40, 56)

+

t(#)

. .
T[?]A

+

T[H]A

dV

+

tV

t(18, 41, 42, 103)

+

t(43)

. .
T[?]O

+

T[H]O

Dv

+

tV

t(48)

+

t(1, 4, 5, 13, 19,

22, 39, 44, 82,

83, 84, 113)

. .


T[?]SE

+

TS[H]E

dhV

+

t[h]/twV:

dh(53)

+

t(#)

. .
T[?]SA

+

TS[H]A

dhV(3)

+

t[h]/twV:

dh(68)

+

t(10)

. .
T[?]SO

+

TS[H]O

dhV

+

t[h]/twV:

dh(21, 26, 126)

+

t(45, 63, 89)

. .


SE

+

S[H]E

sV

+

sV:

s(1, 8, 28)

+

s(#)

. .
SA





+

S[H]A

sV





+

sV:

s(1, 3, 46, 59,

61, 62, 63, 64,

78, 81)

+

s(72, 79)

. .
SO

+

S[H]O

sV

+

sV:

s(33, 60, 115)

+

s(#)

. .


K[?]E



+

K[H]E

g[^]V



+

k[^]V

y(107)

*k(113)

+

sh(#)

. .
K[?]A

+

K[H]A

gV

+

kV

k(#)

+

k(110)

. .
K[?]O

+

K[H]O

gV

+

kV

k(37)

+

k(23, 26, 30, 33,

53, 74, 76, 90, 91)

. .


K[?]XE

+

KX[H]E

g[^]hV

+

k[^][h]V:

y(109)

*k(29)

+

ch(106, 108)

. .
K[?]XA

+

KX[H]A

ghV(4)

+

k[h]V:

k(6, 38, 93)

+

k(31, 63, 112)

*ch(86 {KX[H]A-¿E ->

KX[H]E}, 87

{KX[H]A-?A

-> KX[H]E})

. .
K[?]XO

+

KX[H]O

ghV

+

k[h]V:

k(24, 71)

+

k(25, 27)

. .


XE

+

X[H]E

g[^][w]V

+

k[^][w]V

sh(76, 80)

+

sh(77)

. .
XA

+

X[H]A

g[w]V

+

k[w]V

k(#)

+

k(#)

. .
XO

+

X[H]O

g[w]V

+

k[w]V

k(#)

+

k(11, 130)

. .


ME

+

M[H]E

mV

+

mV:

m(10, 97)

+

m(20)

. .
MA

+

M[H]A

mV

+

mV:

m(12, 81, 104)

+

m(21, 22, 96,

110)

. .
MO

+

M[H]O

mV

+

mV:

m(*29, 30, 46)

+

m(23)

. .


NE

+

N[H]E

l[^]V

+

l[^]V:

ny(#)

+

ny(100)

. .
NA









+

N[H]A

nV









+

lV:

n(2, 14, 19, 20,

34, 58, 75, 93,

97, 99, 105,

106, 112, 113,

116)

+

l(3, 9, 11, 24,

39, 40, 60, 69,

70, 73, 79, 81,

88, 90, 92, 95,

96, 98, 101, 109)

. .
NO

+

N[H]O

nV

+

LV:

n(89)

+

l(A15)

. .


QE





+

Q[H]E

(n)g[^]V





+

(n)k[^]V:

k(#)

ng(61, 62

intervocalic)

+

k(28)

ng(85

intervocalic)

. .
QA





+

Q[H]A

(n)gV





+

(n)kV:

k(#)

ng(59, 64

intervocalic)

+

k(22, 31)

ng(#

intervocalic)

. .
QO





+

Q[H]O

(n)gV





+

(n)kV:

k(#)

ng(32

intervocalic)

+

k(#)

ng(55, 67, 100

intervocalic)

. .


RE



+

R[H]E

rV



+

rV:

r(16, 27, 35, 36,

78,80)

+

r(45, 66, 77)

. .
RA

+

R[H]A

rV

+

rV:

r(17, 31)

+

r(54)

. .
RO



+

R[H]O

rV



+

LV:

r(43, 44, 82,

110, 114)

+

l(51, 94)

. .









PL / IE / URALIC LEXICAL COMPARISONS




(IE entries in parentheses are keywords in Pokorny 1959 unless marked by *)
[bold entries are Proto-Uralic, taken from Décsy 1990]
((NOTE: Nenets vocabulary has not been keyed. ))
ADDENDUM: This revision [5/21/2000] has been occasioned by a critique (including my comments) received from Ante Aikio, a student of the Saami Language and General Linguistics at the University of Oulu in Finland. Based on his information, I have noted all forms marked "inc(orrect)" due to missing cognates in the Samoyedic branch as (F[inno-]U[gric] only). It is obvious that Aikio (and others) consider this a prerequisite for inclusion in (Proto-)Uralic while I maintain that though Samoyedic cognation is highly desirable, presence in Finnic and Ugric should suffice for a strong presumption for inclusion in (Proto-)Uralic. Finnic (only) and Finnic-Saamic/Finnic-Mordvin/Finnic-Saamic-Mordvin (only) entries, according to Aikio, are also indicated.




(1)SE-¿E-T[H]O, *sita/ä, "excrement"; (IE *sei-, "drop, run, damp" + *-to, collective)

(2)SA-¿E-NA, *senä, "vein, tendon, sinew"; (IE *sei-no-, listed under 3. *se:(i)-, "bind, cord, strap")

(3)SA-¿E-N[H]A, *syala (FU only), "bind"; (IE *sei-lo-, listed under 3. *se:(i)-, "bind, cord, strap")

(4)T[H]O-¿E, *te, "you"; (IE *tyo-, listed under 1. *to-, demonstrative [‘this/that']; *toi, listed under *tu/u:-, "you [singular])

(5)T[H]O, *ta/ä, "that, this"; (IE 1. *to-, demonstrative [‘this/that'])

(6)T[?]SO-K[?]XA, *taka (FU only), "hang, stick, get stuck"; (IE *s+*dhegh-, listed under *stegh-, "stick")

(7)P[H]O-F[H]A, *puva, "blow"; (IE 1. *pu/u:-, "blow up")

(8)SE-¿E, *säyä, "pus"; (IE *sei-, "drop, run, damp")

(9)P[H]E-N[H]A-¿E, *pil-mä, "dark"; (IE *peli- + *-mo, superlative, listed under 6. *pel-, "gray")

(10)ME-¿E-TS[H]A, *mätä (for **myätä; cf. Nenets mya?), "tent"; (IE 1. *meit(h)-, "dwelling(-place)"; cf. also Egyptian m(j)D.t, "byre"; N.B.: the semantics are unusual - ME, "what is expelled (protrudes)", became "*tent-pole", then pars pro toto, "*tent"; and in Sumerian me (J. 889), "(canopy of) heaven"; in common Uralic, AA, and IE, it has been supplemented with TS[H]A, "stand", to differentiate it from other meanings of ME-¿E)

(11)X[H]O-N[H]A,*kala (cf. Nenets xalya), "fish"; (IE *kwalo-s; 1. *kwel-, "move one's self around, school")

(12)?A-MA-¿E, *emä (for *ämyä), "mother"; (IE *ami:, listed under *am(m)a, "mother")

(13)?A-T[H]O-¿E, *ätyä (FU only), "father"; (IE *aty- as *att- and *ati, listed under *a/a:tos, "father"); there is also *ityä, "father", corresponding to *imä, "old woman"; this suggests a distinction between ?A, "family" and ?A-¿E, "family-like"; whether these are to be differentiated by time or by origin remains a question); the basic meaning of ?A-(¿E-)T[H]O is "consort, someone who joins a spouse", contrasting with ?A-P[H]O, "biological father", seen in *appa, "father" and *apa, "older sister, aunt" (?A-P[H]O-HA)

(14)FA-NA-¿E, *onya, "tame, good-natured"; (IE *weny-, listed under 1. *wen-, "love, be content")

(15)PF[H]O-¿E, *paya (FU only), "kind of fish"; (IE *pei- in *peisk-, "fish")

(16)P[?]FE-RE, *para (for **pärä?) [FU only], "cut"; (IE 3. *bher-, "cut with a sharp tool")

(17)FA-RA (‘round-back'), *ora, "squirrel"; (IE 13. *wer-(wer-), "squirrel")

(18)FO-T[?]A-¿A, *otya (FU only), "see, protect"; (IE **wedi-, listed under 2. *wedh-, "lead (home), marry"; really, "give ear = hear")

(19)NA-T[H]O, *nata, "mucus" (FU only); (IE *s+*net-, listed under *sna:-, "flow, drip")

(20)M[H]E-¿A-NA, *menä, "go"; (IE *mein-, listed under 3. *mei-, "wander, go")

(21)M[H]A-T[?]SO-¿E, *maydha (FU only), "forest"; (IE *medhyo-, "*forest [cf. Old Prussian median, "forest"]", listed under *medhi-, "middle")

(22)M[H]A-Q[H]A-T[H]O, *mäktä (FU only), "hill" [cf. *manga, "land"]; (IE **ma:(n)k-to-, "highland", listed incorrectly under *ma:k[^]-, "long and thin")

(23)K[H]O-¿E (‘reddish-like=pink=Caucasian'), *koya, better *koyi {Aikio indicates *koji for ‘male' and *ko(x)ji/*kaxji for ‘dawn', and suggests that the latter is an IE loan word from *(s)k^e:H2i- 'to shine subduedly' or *H2e/e:y-er/n- 'morning, day'}, "man/day, sunrise" [cf. also K[H]O-¿E-R[H]A in *koyara, "man"; K[H]O-¿E-M[H]O in *koyama, "man"]; (IE *k[^]ei-(wo-)/(ro-), listed under 2. *k[^]ei-; I believe that Pokorny has conflated two roots here: *k^ei- from K[H]E-¿E, ‘gray-like', and **koi- from K[H]O-¿E, ‘reddish-like'; I believe ‘man' and ‘dawn' have the same basis, both based on ‘pinkness'; cf. also *k[^]ei-mo-, listed under 1. *k[^]ei-)

(24)K[?]XO-N[H]A-¿A, *kelä, "tongue, language"; (IE *gheli-, listed under *ghel-, "call, cry")

(25)KX[H]O-¿E-P[?]A, *koyva, "dig, burrow, scoop"; (IE *s+*keib-, listed under *ske/e:i-, "cut, separate, part")

(26)K[H]O-F[H]A-T[?]SO-¿E, *kudhya (FU only), "cover"; (IE *s+*keu-*dh-(*y-), listed under 2. *(s)keu-, "cover, wrap around")

(27)KX[H]O-RE-FA, *kura, "knife"; (IE *s+*keru-, listed under 4. *(s)ker-, "cut")

(28)Q[H]E-F[H]A-SE, *kusa, "cough (wheeze?)"; (IE *k[^]us-, listed under *k[^]wes-, "cough, sniff, snuffle"; cf. also *kisä, "cough", with *k[^]weis-, listed under 2. *k[^]wei- (Q[H]E-F[H]A-¿E-SE[?]), "whistle" (for "wheeze?")

(29)K[?]XE-FA-MO, *kuntya, "urine" (from **kum-tya?); (IE in *g[^]heu-mo-, listed under *g[^]heu-, "pour")

(30)K[H]O-MO, * kama, "peel, skin"; (IE **kem- for *k[^]em-, listed under 3. *k[^]em- [for *kemy-?], "cover, enshroud")

(31)Q[H]A-RA/RO-KX[H]A ("high-back/high-lip=loud+bird"), *karka, "crane"; (IE 2. *kar- ['proud, bellow'] + * -ka, forms bird names = *karak-, "*crane", in Old Indian kara:yika:, "kind of crane", listed under 1. *ker-); KX[H]A, originally "bee", became a formant for 'flying things')

(32)P[H]E-¿E-QO ("gray-head"), *pingä, "hazelhen"; (IE *s+*pingo-, "sparrow, finch", listed under *(s)pingo-; *pei-, "*gray", in Lithuanian pìlkas, "gray", listed under 6. *pel- [see (9) above for variation pi-/pil-, "*gray", in pimä/pilmä, "dark"]; **ga-, "*skull", in *gag-, "something round, *head")

(33)P[H]O-F[H]A-SO-K[H]O, *poska, "cheek"; (IE *pusk- in Czech pysk, "snout, animal mouth with thick lips", listed under 1. *pu/u:-, "from the idea of blown-up cheeks")

(34)P[H]E-NA-FA, *puna, "spin, braid, plait"; (IE *penu-, listed under 1. *(s)pen-(d-), "pull, stretch, spin")

(35)P[?]FA-RE-FA, *pura, "rye" (FU only); (IE *bharu-, listed under *bhar-; with SE, "seed", instead of FA (definite small plural), *bhares-)

(36)P[?]FO-RE-FA, *pura, "drill"; (IE 1. *bhre/e:u-, "cut with a sharp tool")

(37)P[?]FO-FA-K[?]O, *puk-ta, "jump, run"; (IE *bheug-to- in Lithuanian bú:gti, "be startled", listed under 1. *bheug-, "flee")

(38)P[H]A-F[H]A-K[?]XA-¿E, *puyka, "buttocks"; (IE *pu-g-(*y-), "buttocks", listed incorrectly under 1. *pu/u:-, "swollen"); (cf. Egyptian pHw [for *pwH?])

(39)T[H]O-N[H]A-F[H]A, *tula, "come" (cf. Nenets to-, "come"); (IE *s+*telu-, "*come", in Greek stéllo:, "let come", listed incorrectly under 3. *stel-, "place, set up, standing"; *telu-, "*come", in Welsh tlawd, "carried", listed incorrectly under 1. *tel-, "lift up"; in the meanings "lift/set up", the root is T[H]SA-N[H]A)

(40)"T[?]E-N[H]A-¿A, *talya (Finnic-Saamic only), "skin, fur"; (IE *dely-, listed under 3. *del-, "split, whittle")

(41)T[?]A-P[H]A, *tapa, "hit, beat" (Finnic-Mordvin only); (IE *dap-, listed incorrectly under *da:-, "separate, cut/tear apart")

(42)T[?]A-¿A, *taya (FU only), "break"; (IE *dai-, listed under *da:-, "separate, cut/tear apart")

(43)T[H]A-¿E-RO, *tyora (unknown? according to Aikio), "run, drip"; (IE *ti:-ro-, listed under *ta/a:-, "melt, dissolve, flow")

(44)T[H]O-¿E-RO, *tyara (unknown? according to Aikio), "hard, stable"; (IE *s+ti:-ro-, listed under *sta:i-, "thicken, cause to set")

(45)T[H]SO-F[H]A-R[H]E, *tora, "fight, quarrel"; (IE 1. *twer-,"turn, swirl, vibrate")

(46)SA-¿E-FA-MO, *syuma, "cloth, fabric"; (IE *syu-mo-, listed under *syu:-, "sew")

(47)SO-FA-N[H]A-¿E, *syula, "container"; (IE *swel-(*y-), "drinking vessel[?]", listed under 1. *swel-(k-), "swallow, eat, drink")

(48)HHA-F[H]A-T[?]O-¿E, *vetä (corrected by Aikio to *veti), "water"; (*awedi [in Avestan vaiDi-], listed under 9. *aw(e)-, "wet, dampen, flow")

(49)?E-FA-¿A, *vuya (FU only), "see"; (IE *awe:i-, listed under 8. *aw-, "become aware of through the senses")

(50)P[?]O-RO, *vora, "hill, peak"; (IE 2. *wer-, "heightened place")

(51)FE-R[H]O, *ula, "many, big, very much"; (IE *wal-, "be strong, rule")

(52)FE-¿E, *väyä (FU only), "long hairs (of an animal)"; (IE 1. *wei-, "turn, bend")

(53)FA-T[?]SE-K[H]O, *vadhka, "creek"; (IE *wa:dh-, "go, wade" + -ko, diminutive)

(54)F[H]A-R[H]A ("wolf-bird"), *vara, "crow"; (IE *wer- in *wra:n-, "crow", listed under 12. *wer-, "burn (up), blacken")

(55)FA-Q[H]O-¿E, *vingä, "belt"; (IE *s+*wenky-, listed under *sweng-, "bend")

(56)FO-T[?]E, *vata (FU only), "trace down, follow"; (IE *wed-, listed under 2. *wedh-, "lead (home), marry")

(57)FO-P[H]A, *vopa (FU only), "sleeping place (in snow)"; (IE *s+*wep-, listed under 1. *swep-, "sleep")

(58)F[H]E-NA(-FA), *vuna, "forget"; (IE in *s+*wen+dh-, listed under *(s)wendh-, "fade")

(59)SA-QA-¿E, *sengä (FU only), "arm (part of the body)"; (IE *sengy-, listed under 2. *seg-, "touch")

(60)SO-N[H]A, *sala, "hide, steal"; (IE 3. *sel-, "take, grab")

(61)SA-QE, *sanga (Finnic only), "arrive, reach"; (IE *seng-, listed under 2. *seg-, "touch")

(62)SA-QE-FA, *songa (corrected by Aikio to *sangi), "go in, penetrate"; (IE *seng(-eu)-, listed under *sengw-, "fall, sink")

(63)SA-FO-KX[H]A(-?A)-TS[H]O ("strong-curl-stick = stir(rer)+go round"), *sokta (FU only), "mix, stir"; (IE *seuket-, listed under 3. *seu-, "bend, turn, drive"; *s+*wak-, listed under *w6k-, "to be bent")

(64)SA-FO-QA, *sunga (corrected by Akkio to *suxi), "row"; (IE *s+*weng-, listed under *sweng-, "bend, turn while swinging")

(65)P[?]FO-FA ("collection of trunks = forest"), *puva, "tree, wood"; (IE *bheu-, "grow")

(66)P[H]A-R[H]E-¿E, *pirä (Finnic-Saamic-Mordvin only), "circle"; (IE *peri-, "around", listed under 2. *per-, "conducting over")

(67)P[H]A-QO, *pängä, "head"; (IE *pang-, listed under *pank-, "swell")

(68)P[H]A-T[?]SA-¿E(-P[?]FO), *pedhpä (FU only), "shoulder blade"; (IE *s+*pedhy-, listed under *sp(h)e:-, "long, flat piece of wood" + *-bh, "*place")

(69)P[H]E-N[H]A-¿E, pelä (corrected by Aikio to *peli), "fear, be afraid"; (IE *pely-, listed under 1. *pel-, "shake")

(70)PF[H]O-F[H]A-NA, * puna, "break wind, flatulate"; (IE *peun- in Middle Dutch vuns, "musty", listed under 2. *pen-, "mud")

(71)K[?]XO-FA-K[?]XO(-FA) ("hole"+imperfective="empty out"; cf. Latin faveo:, "be quiet"; the idea seems to be "to empty out non-related thoughts", and concentrate on something), *koka, "see, find"; (IE *ghoug(h)- in German gucken, listed under *ghow(e:)-, "become aware of, take account of";) (cf. Egyptian xw, "protect")

(72)?E-S[H]A-¿O, *asya, "place"; (IE *eseyo-, causative of *e/e:s-, "sit")

(73)HHE-N[H]A, *älä, "lift, carry"; (IE 6. *el-, "drive, set in motion, move one's self, go")

(74)?A-(¿E-)K[H]O ("family little [one]"), *ekä, "uncle, older male relative"; (IE *akka:, "mother"); this term [-K[H]O] originally designated a family member with affection; later, it was specialized to mean "sibling"; and still later, the primary form was taken to mean "brother" [Arabic ?akhun] with feminine formants for "sister"; in the sense of "brother/sister" of the "father/mother", it became "uncle/aunt")

(75)?A-NA(-¿E), *anya, "mother, aunt"; (IE 1. *an-; means only "family member"; for P[H]O ("swollen, erect penis= father"), cf. *anapa (?A-NA-P[H]O-HA = "family member" + "father" + feminine [IE *-a:])

(76)XE-XE(-K[H]O), *shäshkä, "otter"; (IE *g[^]we-g[^]we- to *g[^](h)eg[^]h-, "polecat" + *-ko, diminutive; cf. Lithuanian êkas (from *êka), "porcupine")

(77)X[H]E-R[H]E-F[H]A, *shura, "cut, divide"; (IE *kweru-, "chew")

(78)SA-¿E-RE, *syerä, "order, set"; (IE 3. *se:(i)- + *-r; *seir- (cf. Greek heiro:, "order"), listed under 4. *ser-, "line up in a row, tie to")

(79)S[H]A-N[H]A-¿E ("salty"), syilä, "fat, bacon"; (IE *sali-, listed under 1. *sal-, "salt"; cf. also selp-, "fat, butter, lard")

(80)XE-RE-FA ("cause to bristle, as fur"); shorva, "dry (rather *heating)"; (IE g^werew-, listed under g^wer-)

(81)SA-?E-N[H]A-MA ("strong-eye-move=look+tool"), *syilmä, "eye"; (IE *se:-(w-) [-FA, "strong eyes"; cf. Nenets sæw, "eye"], listed under 2. *sekw-, "notice, see, show"; possibly 6. *sel-, "favorable, of good cheer"; (cf. Egyptian zi3, "recognize" [SA-?E-RE])

(82)T[H]O-¿A-RO, *tirä, "full"; (IE *s+*ta:i-*ro-, listed under *sta:i-, "thicken, cause to set")

(83)T[H]O-¿E, *tiyä, "narrow, tight"; (IE *s+*ta:i-, listed under *sta:i-, "thicken, cause to set")

(84)¿O-FA-T[H]O, *yuta, "connect"; (IE *yeu-to-, listed under 2. *yeu-, "bind, join up")

(85)QA, *ängä, "chin"; (IE *ang-, listed under 2. *ank-, "bend")

(86)KX[H]A-¿E-KX[H]A-¿E ("bee-like", from the needlelike beak), *chichä, "small bird"; (IE *kiki- [(cf. Old Indian kiki], listed under *kik-, "jay(bird)")

(87)KX[H]A-?A-KX[H]A-FA, *chucha, "pole, rod, bar (*stake)"; (IE *keku-, "*stake"; cf. Old Prussian queke, "fence-post" [KX[H]A-FA-KX[H]A-?A ?])

(88)HA-N[H]A-¿E ("breathing-like"), *elä, "live"; (IE *aly-, listed under 2. *al-, "grow, make grow, live")

(89)NO-¿E-T[H]O ("stomach-like=passion, bravery"+large definite plural), *noyta (for *na/äyta?), "shaman"; (IE *nei-to-, "*leader", listed under 1. *nei-, "be moved to liveliness, be excited"; *nei-to-, "hero", listed under 2. *nei-)

(90)K[H]O-N[H]A ("start to redden=bleed"), *kala, "(coagulated) blood"; (IE 4. *kel-, "gray and dark hues")

(91)K[H]O-¿E ("childlike"), *kaya, "young fowl"; (IE 1. *k[^]ei-, "lie, camp, home, dear, nest")

(92)N[H]A-¿E, *liyä, "treesap, syrup"; (IE 4. *le/e:i-, "gush, flow, drip")

(93)NA-(¿E-)K[?]XA ("no-hair=bare"), *nyaka, "neck"; (I believe that OHG hnac is a composite of *h- + *neg(h)-, a better reconstruction for *nogw-, "naked"; cf. IE *neig-ro, "black", which refers to hairlessness not color; (cf. Egyptian nHsj, "Nubian")

(94)RHO-F[H]A-¿E ("leonine"), *luya, "marten"; (IE *lo:wey-, "**lion")

(95)N[H]A-P[H]A, *lapa, "flat"; (IE *le:p-, "be flat")

(96)M[H]A-N[H]A-F[H]A, *mola, "break"; (IE *melu-, listed under 1. *mel-, "crush")

(97)ME-NA-FA, *mona, "say"; (IE *menu-, listed under 3. *men-, "think, be mentally stimulated")

(98)PF[H]A-N[H]A-¿O, *palya, "thick"; (IE *peleyo-, listed under 1. *pel-, "fill")

(99)P[H]A-N[H]A, *pälä, "horsefly"; (IE *pel- in *plou-, listed under *blou-, "flea"; 1. pel-, "fly")

(100)N[H]E-¿E-Q[H]O, *nyingä, "worm"; (IE *s+*leink-, listed under *slenk-, "wind, turn, coil, creep")

(101)P[?]FA-N[H]A, *pala, "bit, bite"; (IE *s+*bhel-, "plank" in 1. *(s)p(h)el-, "split")

(102)P[?]FA-¿A ("radiated [warmth]"), *peyä, "cook"; (IE *bhey-, listed under *bhe:-, "warm, roast")

(103)P[?]FE-¿E-T[?]A-¿E, *päytyä, "hatchet"; (IE *bheidy-, listed under *bheid-, "split")

(104)?A-¿E-MA ("sharp-tool"); *äymä, "needle"; (IE 4. *a/a:i-, "*sharp")

(105)?A-¿E-NA ("top-like=tall-thing"), *enä, "big, great"; (IE *ain- in Old Indian iná, "strong", listed under 2. *ai-, "drive, overpower")

(106)KX[H]E-NA-KX[H]E, *chancha, "go, progress"; (IE *k[^](h)en- in 4. *ken-, "exert one's self" + -*k = *k[^]enk-)

(107)K[?]E-RE, *yara/*yärä, "circle"; (IE *g[^]er-, "rub" (cf. *g[^]ers-) in 3. *ger-, "turn")

(108)KX[H]E-F[H]A-KX[H]E, *chocha, "wipe clean, sweep"; (IE *(s)k[^]e/e:u-, "throw, shoot, push" + -*k[^]-)

(109)K[?]XE-N[H]A, *yälä/*yala, "light, sun, day"; (IE 1. *g[^]hel-, "gleam, yellow")

(110)K[H]A-RO-M[H]A, *karma, "will"; (IE *ka-ro- + -*mo, listed under *ka:-, "like, desire"; cf. *ka:-mo-, "desire")

(111) (example withdrawn)

(112)KX[H]A-NA, *kana, "call"; (IE *kan-, "sing, sound, let sound")

(113)K[?]E-NA-FA-T[H]O, *kunta, "community, kin, clan"; (IE *g[^]enu-to-, listed under 1. *g[^]en-, "engender")

(114)¿A-RO ("very much"), *ärä, "year"; (IE *ye:-ro-, "year") (cf. *erä, "big, many"); (cf. ¿A-NO ("much-basket", *enä/ana, "much, big, many"; IE 2. *en-, "year")

(115)SO-FA ("pulling, sucking"), *su, "mouth" (cf. Vogul suu); (IE 1. *seu-, "dampness, press out juice")

ALL PROPOSED NENETS COMPARISONS SHOULD BE VIEWED WITH CONSIDERABLE RESERVE.

(116)HHE-NA-FA ("starting to move something"), Nenets -, "stand"; (IE *Hneu- -> **ne:u-, listed under 2. *neu-, "jerk, give a push")

(117)F[H]A-¿E ("wolf-like"), Nenets we?, "dog"; (IE *wai-lo-s, "wolf", listed under *wai-, "woe!")

(118)ME ("tongue=converse"), Nenets ma?-, "say"; (IE 4. *me:-, "great = being discussed")

(119)XE-?A ("parted"), Nenets -, "depart"; (IE *gwa:-, "go, come")

(120)X[H]E-F[H]A-¿E-N[H]E ("curls-like-entwine"), Nenets xonyo-, "sleep"; (IE *kwi:-lo-, "quiet" listed under *kwey6-, "rest comfortably")

(121)T[H]O-RHE-¿O, Nenets tira, "to dry"; (IE in *ters-, "dry (out)")

(122)T[H]A-¿E-SE, tesø, "drip"; (IE *ta:is-, listed under *ta:-, "melt, dissolve, flow")

(123) (example withdrawn)

(124) (example withdrawn)

(125)¿A-K[?]E ("stone-prick"), Nenets yakø, "itch"; (IE **[y]ag[^]- in English itch)

(126)P[?]FE-T[?]SO-FA, *pudha, "bag" (cf. Nenets padw); (IE *bhedhu-, listed under 1. *bhedh-, "stick, dig")

(127)¿A-MO ("much-dirt"), Nenets *yam, "sea"; (cf. AA *yam, "sea")

(128)ME-NA, Nenets møn°?, "lump"; (IE 1. *men-, "protrude")

(129)M[H]A-¿E, Nenets me-, "to be (at?)"; (cf. Sumerian me-, "to be")

(130)HHA-X[H]O-¿E, *yoka, "river" (for *yaka[?]; cf. Nenets yøxa); (IE *akwai-, listed under akwa:-, "water, river")

(131)P[?]FE-T[?]SA, Nenets pad°nø, "to be writing"; (IE *bhedh-, "stick, dig")

(132)X[H]E-¿E-T[H]O, Nenets xetø, "tell"; (IE 1. *kwei-(t-), "pay attention to")

(133)TS[H]E-NA-¿O, Nenets tønya, "exist"; (IE *teneyo-, listed under 1. *ten-, "prolong, pull, stretch")

(134)TS[H]O-N[H]A-F[H]A, Nenets tola, "read" (doubtful according to Aikio); (IE *telew-, listed under 1. *tel-, "lift up, bear")

(135)XA-T[?]SE(-¿O), Nenets xada, "kill"; (IE *gwhDei(6-), "disappear, be destroyed")



COMMENT: I feel fairly certain that when the relationship of Uralic and IE through the Proto-Language is recognized, a number of "Germanic loanwords" will be able to be re-classified as part of the common inheritance. For this reason, I have limited the number of examples to around 100, having used around 200 in other essays.








PL MORPHOLOGICAL ELEMENTS IN URALIC

(not included under lexical headings)

press here to see

.









The correspondence of 134 roots and 47+ formants suffices for a preliminary study
to establish the presumption of a genetic relationship.









NOTATIONAL CONVENTIONS



For an explanation of the Proto-Language and Indo-European notational conventions
used in these essays, press here

.



(Proto-)Uralic



The notation and the roots discussed above follow the reconstrcutions of Gyula Décsy in his "The Uralic Protolanguage: Comprehensive Reconstruction", 1990, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.

(Proto-)Uralic Phonemes:

k, q (ng),

t, ty, s, sy, n, ny

ch

sh

dh, dhy

p, v, m

y

r

l, ly

a, o, u

ä, e, i










Combinatory Modifications

for modifications of the vowels and consonants in combination, see the

Table of Modifications










PROTO-LANGUAGE MONOSYLLABLES



In order for readers to judge the semantic plausibility of the analysis of Proto-Language (PL) compounds suggested here, I am including access to a table of Proto-Language monosyllables and the meanings I have provisionally assigned.

Most assignments can be exhaustively supported by data from actually attested forms but a few animates are very doubtful; and this list does not represent the "final" solution of these questions, which will only be approached when other scholars assist in refining it.

Patrick C. Ryan

Summer 1997










URALIC BIBLIOGRAPHY





ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY









the latest revision of this document can be found at

HTTP://WWW.GEOCITIES.COM/proto-language/c-URALIC-7.htm

Patrick C. Ryan * 9115 West 34th Street - Little Rock, AR 72204-4441* (501)227-9947

PROTO-LANGUAGE@msn.com


















NOTES



a. for a look at the critique which occasioned these revisions, press here.



1. The Pontic stage of the Proto-Language, from which Indo-European and Afrasian developed, had only one V : (a), which became e, a, or o in Indo-European according to the Ablautgradation required by the grammatical form.

2. Final IE voiced aspirated stops + a can become unaspirated: -bha -> b(a); -gha -> -g(a); -dha-> -d(a).

3. v. 2. supra

4. v. 2. supra